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THE  MASTER  BUILDERS 

A  RECORD  OF  THE  CONSTRUCTION 
OF  THE  WORLD'S  HIGHEST  COM- 
MERCIAL STRUCTURE 


PUBLISHED   BY 

HUGH  McATAMNEY  &  COMPANY' 

NEW   YORK 

iqi3 


Copyright,  iqi?.  by 
Hugh  McAtamney  &  Company 


MUNDER-THOMSEN  PRESS 
Bm.timoru    and    New   York 


Urban  Ptemtlna 

Nri 

FOREWORD  OSlSS 

THE  master  builders  who  huildecl  the  awe-inspiring  cathedrals  of  the     hi^  I  a)C^ 
Middle  Ages  gave  expression   to  a  deep  and   rich  communal  spirit.     1^  ^   ^  ^  ^"^-^ 
Closely  knit  in  interests  and  united  hy  a  common  love  for  the  beautiful, 
they  co-operated  to  eml?ody  in  stone  the  noblest  thought  and  aspirations  of 
their  time. 

To-day  we  are  deemed  incapable  of  this  kind  of  fruitful  co-operation. 
Critics  have  often  said  that  the  commercialism  of  our  age  stands  in  the  way 
of  a  group  of  men  who  would  bend  their  best  efforts  to  the  production  of  a 
beautiful  object  by  their  common  labor.  That  this  indictment  is  unjust  one 
has  but  to  know  the  c.xti-aordinary  services  rendered  by  all  the  contractors 
and  builders  who  aided  in  the  erection  of  the  Woolworth  Building. 

From  the  time  that  the  first  spade  of  earth  was  turned  to  the  last  touch 
on  the  topmost  spire  of  the  tower  every  one  of  the  hundreds  of  men,  from 
chief  executive  to  day  laborer,  worked  harmoniously  and  in  unison  like  a 
well-trained  army  of  veterans.  The  man  of  theory  and  the  man  of  practice, 
the  man  who  worked  w  ith  his  brains  and  the  man  who  worked  w  ith  his  hands, 
all  united  to  translate  the  thing  that  was  on  paper  into  the  concrete  handi- 
work of  the  master  builders. 

But  what  seemed  most  remarkable  to  the  layman  as  well  as  to  the 
experienced  architect  and  builder  was  the  intelligent  manner  in  which  the 
individual  contractor  approached  his  appointed  task.  Each  contractor  came 
to  the  work  with  a  clear  conception  of  his  special  duty  and  a  realization  of 
his  own  responsibility.  Each  contractor  worked  as  a  unit  in  co-operation 
with  the  other  contractors,  and  all  together  they  formed  a  working  organiza- 
tion that  was  responsible  for  the  completion  of  the  greatest  structure  in  the 
world  in  record  time  and  without  serious  delay  or  mishap. 

Of  course,  such  splendid  preparedness  bespoke  a  well  systematized  organi- 
zation that  could  measure  up  to  an  unusual  emergency.  But  it  was  this  very 
fact  that  determined  the  selection  of  a  contractor  for  work  on  the  Woolworth 
Building.  He  not  only  had  to  be  the  best  in  his  field,  have  the  best  material 
at  his  disposal,  the  best  talent  at  his  service,  but  it  was  also  essential  that 
he  have  an  organization  back  of  him  which  was  thoroughly  adequate  and 
had  reached  the  maximum  of  efficiency. 

Personally  I  believe  that  the  contractors  and  workers  who  aided  in  the 
completion  of  the  Woolworth  Building  are  rightfully  proud  of  their  part  in 
the  work,  not  merely  because  of  the  magnitude  of  the  undertaking  but  also 
because  of  the  exacting  conditions  that  were  demanded  of  them.  But  in 
quality  of  work  and  material,  in  speed  and  resourcefulness,  each  contractor 
fulfilled  all  conditions,  thus  giving  him  the  rightful  title  of  "Master  Builder." 


^m^  ^,    Wcr^r^COTH^ 


MR.  \\i.Ki|,\VllRII  1 


WOOLWORTH   BLULDIXG 


THE  ARCHITECT'S  APPROBATION 

THE  hLiilding  of  to-day  is  a  complicatCLl  organism  SLich  as  has  probably 
nc\cr  existed  in  any  preceding  age.  The  materials  are  gathered  together 
from  all  o\er  the  world;  they  include  iron,  copper,  lead,  tin,  zinc, 
nickel,  silver,  and  gold;  stone  brought  from  quarries  hundreds  of  miles  away, 
marble  mined  on  the  slopes  of  the  Alps  in  Northern  Italy,  in  the  snowy  hills 
of  Vermont,  or  in  the  sunny  isles  of  the  Greek  Archipelago  are  wrought  into 
these  structures;  asphaltum  from  South  America,  pitch  and  tar  from  our 
native  forests;  foreign-made  cements  and  cement  in  vast  quantities  from 
our  own  country;  oil  from  far-away  China;  oak  from  England;  mahogany 
from  the  islands  of  the  Caribbean  Sea ;  walnut  from  the  Circassian  Mountains ; 
glass  from  the  borders  of  the  Ohio  and  from  the  factories  of  Bohemia  and 
Venice;  in  short,  from  almost  countless  sources  are  these  materials  brought 
together  and  assembled.  Skilled  workmen  from  all  lands  are  required  for  the 
shaping  or  manufacture  of  these  materials.  Modelers,  carvers,  smiths,  diggers, 
woodworkers,  metallurgists,  weavers,  plasterers,  mosaic  workers,  painters, 
gilders,  coppersmiths,  plumbers,  electricians,  machinists,  masons,  riggers,  and 
many  other  artists  and  artisans  contribute,  each  in  their  own  way,  to  the 
preparation  of  materials  and  their  erection  in  place.  Thousands  of  drawings 
must  be  prepared  for  such  a  work  not  only  by  the  architect  and  his  staff, 
but  by  most  of  the  arts  and  trades  employed.  Skill  and  organization  to  the 
highest  degree  is  absolutely  essential,  and,  moi-e  than  this,  both  moral  and 
physical  courage  are  necessary  to  success — moral  courage  on  the  part  of 
owners,  architects,  engineers  and  contractors  in  the  willingness  to  undertake 
so  large  an  enterprise  and  to  persist  in  the  effort  until  completion,  and  physical 
courage,  compared  v\ith  which  the  courage  of  the  soldier  under  fire  is  not 
more  heroic;  for  in  the  mine  and  quarry,  in  the  excavation  and  the  caisson, 
in  the  hazardous  height  to  be  scaled  by  the  workmen  erecting  the  structural 
steel,  terra  cotta,  and  the  roofing,  or  trades  associated  with  them,  lurk 
imminent  and  terrible  physical  dangers  every  hour  of  every  day,  and  such 
work  is  quoted  as  "extra  hazardous,"  for  so  it  is  in  every  sense  of  the  word. 
Out  of  this  common  efloit  arises  a  common  interest  an^l  the  men  engaged 
therein  are  linked  by  ties,  the  strength  of  which  they  themselves  do  not  realize. 
The  recognition  of  this  common  interest  by  employer  and  employed  alike 
is  the  best  guarantee  of  future  joint  effort,  for  it  is  only  by  the  combination 
of  the  interests  of  capital  and  labor  that  organized  society  can  successfully 
exist.  The  building  which  we  have  been  engaged  upon  can  well  be  said  to 
symbolize  this  unity  of  effort  and  of  interest  of  all  who  have  had  a  part  in 
its  creation.  This  building  will  house  thousands  of  tenants  and  within  its 
walls  will  be  transacted  business  of  vast  extent  and  importance.  The  wise 
liberalit\-  of  the  owner  provided  that  the  structure  should  be  enriched  and 


MR.  CILBIiRT 


beautified  so  as  to  give  pleasure  to  the  millions  of  people  who  will  see  it. 
His  eflort  therefore  was  not  alone  to  make  it  a  purely  commercial  structure 
but  to  clothe  it  with  beauty  and  to  make  it  a  worthy  ornament  to  the  great 
city  of  New  York.  Others  must  judge  how  far  this  purpose  has  been  achieved. 
He  has  fulfillc-Ll  the  eloquent  invocation  of  Daniel  Webster,  who  said:  "Let 
us  develop  the  resources  of  our  land,  call  forth  its  powers,  build  up  its  insti- 
tutions, promote  all  its  great  interests,  and  see  whether  we  also,  in  our  day 
and  generation,  may  not  pcrfoim  something  worthy  to  be  remembcre>.l."  We 
may  all  have  a  just  pride  in  having  contributed  to  this  endeavor. 

I  take  this  occasion  to  congratulate  the  contractors,  sub-contractors,  and 
all  those  who  have  furnished  material  or  labor  upon  the  completion  of  the 
work  in  which  we  have  been  engaged,  and  to  thank  them  all  for  the  spirit 
of  co-operation  which  pervaded  the  work  from  the  beginning.  I  hope  that 
this  expression  of  appreciation  will  be  conveyed  to  the  aitists,  the  designers, 
the  artisans,  the  workmen,  and  the  laborers  as  well  as  to  those  who  assumed 
the  responsibility  of  contract  obligations,  for,  speaking  broadly,  I  believe 
that  each  has  fulfilled  his  duty  as  he  saw^  it  and  has  contributed  in  proportion 
to  his  ability  and  his  opportunity. 


\ 


UCX.Ii  J   1  lOROWnZ.  PRESIDEiN  r.  n  lO.VIPSON-STARRli  I  1 
COMI'ANY,  GliNERAL  CONTRACTORS 


THE  MASTER  BUILDERS 

of  the 

Highest  Building  in  the  World 

THE  United  States  of  America  has  set  the  pace  for  bLiilJinfi;  construc- 
ti(jn  of  the  entire  civilized  world.  In  the  first  place  the  architects  are 
of  the  highest  type — cultured  men  who  are  devoted  to  their  profession, 
because  its  scope  is  almost  unlimited  in  its  possibilities,  and  its  rewards 
are  great. 

The  American  architect  must  not  only  be  an  artist  in  designing  beautiful 
and  useful  buildings,  but  he  must  have  sound  knowledge  of  every  detail  of 
building  construction,  from  the  foundation  to  the  pinnacle  which  rears  its 
head  into  the  clouds. 

This  is  a  practical  age,  and  fortunately  the  Master  Builders  are  selected 
in  the  light  of  intelligence  and  knowledge.  The  fame  of  their  work  has  gone 
before  them.  The  ciuality  of  their  pi'oducts  and  appliances  is  well  known  to 
the  architect  and  the  great  contractors  who  harmonize  with  him  in  the 
realization  of  his  plans  and  designs,  and  the  grand  result  is  that,  i.la\-  by  day 
and  step  by  step,  the  million  details  of  the  building,  great  or  small,  are 
arranged  in  mathematical  order  and  the  work  is  satisfactorih'  completed  in 
the  time  specified  in  the  contract,  w  hile  the  owners,  contractoi's  and  architect 
are  satisfied. 

These  conditions  are  possible  only  when  each  individual  Master  Builder 
is  a  man  of  special  knowledge  and  skill  in  his  line  and  of  high  character,  who 
employs  only  skilled  artisans  of  the  best  class.  Such  men  seek  to  work  in 
harmony  with  the  hundred  or  more  other  Master  Builders,  and  use  their 
best  endeavors  to  not  only  live  up  to  the  specifications  of  their  particular 
contract  but  to  excel  in  excellence  of  w^ork  wherever  possible.  With  some 
Master  Builders  reputation  is  a  far  greater  consideration  than  profit  or  loss. 
Naturally  they  look  into  the  future  and  expect  to  ha\-e  their  material  or 
appliances  or  work  named  in  other  specifications,  and  their  aim  is  not  only 
to  pass  the  scrutinizing  examination  of  the  stiperintendent,  but  to  earn  just 
praise  and  recommendation. 

It  may  be  asked  why  New  '^'ork  City  attracts  the  best  class  of  Master 
Builders — men  who  are  specialists  in  their  particular  line  of  business,  w  hether 
it  be  excavating,  brickwork,  machinery,  steel  construction,  plastering,  or  any 
other  branch  of  building  construction.  The  answer  is:  the  appreciation  of 
e.xcellence  in  the  work  and  better  reward  than  can  be  had  in  any  other  part 
of  the  world.  "Honor  to  whom  honor  is  due"  is  not  yet  worn  out  as  a  saying, 
and  this  small  tribute  to  the  Master  Builders  of  the  world's  highest  building 

1 1 


construction  is  an  endeavor  to  place  the  wreath  of  merit  where  it    is    well 
deserved. 

The  \Iaster  Builder  who  has  had  a  part  in  the  building  of  the  beautiful 
W'oolworth  edifice  may  mark  down  the  fact  in  his  diary  as  an  epoch  in  his 
life.  There  may  never  be  a  building  erected  in  New  York  City  which  will 
tower  away  so  high  skyward.  Land  is  too  precious  and  high  buildings  must 
ha\e  wonderfully  strong  and  great  foundations.  Another  note  he  may  make 
in  his  diary  is  that  he  will  ne\er  see  a  more  beautiful  building  in  New  York 
or  any  other  city.  Its  beauty  is  truly  emphasized  at  the  present  time  (Sep- 
tember, iqu)  by  comparison  with  the  plain  block  of  the  old  Astor  House 
now  being  demolished.  It  may  be  looked  at  from  all  points  of  view,  and 
comparisons  made  with  even  the  newest  office  buildings  around  the  city,  and 
the  artistic  eye  will  look  again  at  the  beautiful  and  lasting  decorations  of 
the  facades  and  the  tower  of  this  majestic  palace  of  commerce  w  ith  refresh- 
ing joy. 


THE  EVOLUTION  OF  OFFICE- BUILDING 
The  Advent  of  the  Elevator 

THE  STEEL  SKELETON 

IT  is  some  years  since  the  wealthy  men  of  New  York  or  any  other  important 
city  of  the  United  States  were  satisfied  with  a  three-story,  brick-front 

building,  trimmed  with  sills  and  crowned  with  Grecian  cornices  of  painted 
wood.  In  these  days  of  swift  elevators  and  steel  framework  the  three-story 
edifice  is  only  to  be  found  far  out  in  the  suburbs,  or  on  mountain  sides.  The 
"Herald"  office  is  a  mai^ble  exception  to  the  overuhelmin^  evidence  in  New 
York  in  favor  of  the  giant  building  construction.  True,  there  are  other  one-, 
two-  or  three-story  buildings  scattered  about,  but  they  are  only  awaiting 
their  turn  to  fall  into  the  wrecker's  hands. 

The  rapid  development  of  New  ^'ork  City  during  the  past  hall-century 
is  almost  inconceivable,  and  land  has  become  so  precious — especially  down- 
town in  the  radius  of  the  City  Hall,  the  Post-Office,  the  Treasury,  the 
Clearing  House  and  the  Stock  Exchange — that  in  order  to  make  room  for 
the  business  population,  lofty  buildings  have  become  an  absolute  necessity. 

When  elevators  and  steel  or  iron  girders  and  frames  were  only  architectural 
dreams,  owners  of  land  could  find  no  way  to  erect  buildings  which  would  yield 
a  profitable  rent.  Rock  foundations  were  not  sought  by  boring  to  any  great 
depth  in  those  days,  and  very  thick  and  costly  walls  were  built  to  support 
even  five-  and  six-story  buildings.  But  when  these  were  built,  tenants  would 
not  climb  more  than  one  or  two  flights  of  stairs  and  pay  a  fair  rental. 

But  in  i8)q  the  elevator  was  patented,  and  after  some  years  of  experi- 
menting it  was  adopted  in  the  first  Equitable  Building,  at  i  20  Broadway, 
in  1870.  Real  estate  men  laughed  at  the  innovation  and  prophesied  empty 
offices  above  the  second  floor,  but  they  all  were  wrong.  The  elevator  was  a 
success  from  the  start  and  all  the  offices  had  tenants  very  quickh'.  The 
owners  were  so  encouraged  that  they  had  plans  made  for  a  new  building  of 
nine  stories  and  six  elevators.    However,  this  was  not  realized  until  1887. 

Before  steel  framework  was  seriously  proposed  for  building  construction, 
many  other  methods  had  been  tried,  but  it  was  impossible  to  build  "fireproof," 
in  the  real  meaning  of  the  word,  with  brick,  wood,  stone  and  cement.  Build- 
ings arose  to  ten.  twelve  and  e\'en  thirteen  stories,  but  the  floors,  trusses, 
stairs  and  elevator  enclosures  were  built  of  iron,  not  only  to  prevent  decay 
and  burning,  but  because  the  former  method  of  fireproof  construction  in 
partitions  and  floors  added  so  greatly  to  the  weights  to  be  borne. 

With  the  adoption  of  iron  in  the  \ital  parts  of  the  construction  and  the 
use  of  h\'draulic  and  electric  rapid-running  "express"  elex'ators,  with  a  speed 

13 


of  600  feet  a  minute  or  more,  the  problem  of  space  for  a  time  seemed  to  be 
solved  and  buildings  thirteen  and  fourteen  stories  high  were  replacing  old 
structures. 

But  a  new  difficulty  arose:  the  brick  walls  at  the  base  became  thicker 
than  ever,  and  their  cost  was  enormous;  their  weight,  too,  was  excessive 
for  the  foundations,  and  it  was  soon  found  that  the  ground  space  they 
occupied  caused  great  loss  to  owners.  So  thick,  in  fact,  were  the  walls  at 
that  time  that  if  an  owner  built  on  a  narrow  lot  he  had  little  more  than  an 
entrance  hallway  between  the  side  walls  on  the  ground  floor. 

Iron  construction  became  an  absolute  necessity  at  this  juncture.  "Necessity 
became  the  mother  of  invention."  and  from  cast  iron  fronts,  riveted  girders 
and  trusses,  the  builders  of  iron  bridges  came  to  the  rescue  and  produced 
the  skeleton  framework  which  made  the  buildings  of  fifteen,  sixteen,  nine- 
teen, twenty  and  twenty-five  stories  arise  all  over  the  city.  It  is  only  forty- 
three  years  since  the  installation  of  the  first  elevator  in  a  New  York  City 
office  building,  and  about  a  quarter  of  a  century  since  the  first  steel  skeleton 
was  erected  to  be  enveloped  in  stone  or  terra  cotta. 

Since  the  dawn  of  the  twentieth  century  steel  frames  in  construction  have 
been  bi'ought  to  greater  perfection  and  are  protected  from  moisture  and  rust 
by  preservat  ives.  The  confidence  of  capitalists  seems  to  have  no  limit  in  build- 
ing construction  and  there  even  appears  to  be  some  sort  of  rivalry  in  the  pro- 
jection of  steel  and  stone  toward  the  clouds.  The  most  attractive  examples 
of  tall  buildings  to-day  are:  the  Times  Building;  the  Metropolitan,  700  feet 
above  curb;  the  City  Investing  Building,  500  feet;  the  Singer  Building,  bii 
feet:  the  Municipal  Building.  560  feet;  and  the  greatest  and  noblest  of  all, 
the  W'oolworth  Building,  785  feet  above  the  sidewalk. 

A  new  era  in  l^uilding  construction  has  undotibtedly  dawned  with  the 
completion  of  thcW  oolworth  Building,  and,  more  than  ever  before,  capitalists 
from  other  business  centers  will  be  tempted  to  invest  in  the  production  of 
real  estate  in  New  "^'ork  City.  One  glance  at  the  Woolworth  Building  will 
satisfy  e\'en  the  skeptical  mind  that  it  will  point  the  way  to  the  beautiful  as 
well  as  the  useful  in  building  construction.  Why  should  it  be  otherwise? 
New  York  City  has  had  its  choice  of  the  architectural  and  engineering  skill 
of  the  workl.  It  has  had  its  choice  of  the  Master  Builders  in  every  branch, 
and  skilled  builders  are  not  too  optimistic  in  declaring  that  New  York  City 
is  destined  to  become  the  most  important  commercial  center  of  the  v\orld 
Then  \\h\  shouki  it  not  be  the  most  beautiful  city? 


14 


THE  MASTER  BUILDERS'  MASTERPIECE 
OF  BUILDING  CONSTRUCTION 

TKUL^'  the  architect  of  the  majestic  structures  of  steel  and  stone  of 
to-day  creates  a  new  architecture  that  has  its  affinities  in  every  branch 
of  modern  engineering  science  as  well  as  the  records  of  past  ages  of 
building  construction.  Even  when  he  designs,  plans  and  specifies  for  the 
creation  of  a  great  and  wonderful  strticturc  like  the  Woolworth.  he  must 
seek  the  aid  of  Master  Builders  who  ha\e  the  know  ledge  and  the  machinery 
and  the  skill  at  command  to  make  his  dream  a  reality.  The  great  modern 
contractors  sohe  this  problem  in  the  first  instance.  They  ha\e  combined 
forces  of  skilled  and  trained  men  at  their  command.  The  designs  and  plans 
are  studied  and  specifications  followed  to  the  minutest  detail,  and  the  Master 
Builders  are  selected,  not  from  the  lowest  contract,  but  by  reputation,  and 
the  charactei"  of  material  or  appliance  and  high  quality  of  work.  There  is  no 
time  or  opportunity  tor  equivocation  in  a  vast  undertaking  like  the  erection 
of  the  Woolworth  Building,  where  ten  thousand  problems  must  be  practically 
solved. 

The  Master  Builders  were  well  chosen  for  the  building  of  the  world's 
greatest  structure,  and  the  problems  have  all  been  solved  to  the  satisfaction 
of  the  ow'ner.  the  architect,  the  contractors,  and  the  result  is  a  created 
mountain  of  stone  and  steel  ot  wonelcrful  external  ani.1  intei'nal  beauty  and 
usefulness.  From  every  point  of  view,  the  level  of  the  street  or  the  tops  of 
the  neighboring  buildings,  the  ornamental  effects  of  the  facades  of  the  various 
floors  command  the  admiration  of  the  most  critical.  The  sharp  outlines  of 
the  curves  and  floral  forms  are  always  to  be  observed,  which  is  abundant 
evidence  of  the  remarkable  scale  study  which  has  made  this  possible.  And 
the  same  care  and  precision  prevails  in  every  department  of  the  construction 
of  the  WooKvorth  Building. 

The  citizens  of  New  ^'ork  and  the  rest  of  the  intelligent  world  will  no 
doubt  be  interested  to  learn  who  really  built  this  wonder  of  the  city,  and  to 
follow  its  development  from  the  digging  of  the  foundations  to  the  hoisting 
of  the  flag  at  the  top  of  the  structui'e  when  the  great  work  had  been  accom- 
plished; and  this  book  has  been  prepared  for  that  very  purpose.  The  \laster 
Builders  of  the  foundation,  of  the  steel  framework,  of  the  walls,  the  masonry, 
the  ele\ators,  the  machinery,  the  plumbing,  the  tiling  and  terra  cotta.  the 
carved  marble,  the  roofs,  the  golden  tower  and  the  interior  furnishings,  are 
well  deserving  of  a  modicum  of  praise,  as  well  as  some  account  of  their 
achievement  in  this  historical  record  of  an  epoch  in  building  construction. 

Before  describing  briefly  the  technicalities  of  the  interesting  work  of  the 
Master  Builders  we  give  some  details  of  the  ciuantities  of  material  used  in 
the  foundation  and  superstructure. 

15 


ARCHITECT  AND  ENGINEER 

The  architect  was  Mr.  Cass  Gilbert,  and  \Ir.  Gun\ald  .\us  was  the 
chief  consulting  engineer. 

The  general  contract  was  given  to  the  Thompson-Starrett  Company — 
under  the  supervision  of  Mr.  Louis  J.  Horowitz,  who  is  the  president  of  the 
company. 

PREP.ARING  FOR  FOL'ND.ATiONS  BY  FOUND.ATION  TEST  BORINGS 

Owing  to  the  extraordinary  character  of  the  building  proposed,  it  was 
essential  that  a  thorough  investigation  be  made  to  determine  the  positive 
character  of  the  geological  condition  existing  between  the  surface  of  the 
ground  and  rock,  also  the  nature  of  the  rock  itself,  as  a  preliminary  to  pre- 
paring the  plans  and  specifications  for  the  foundations.  The  firm  of  Phillips 
&l  W'orthington,  having  had  long  experience  in  that  particular  line  of  engineer- 
ing, was  engaged  by  Architect  Cass  Gilbert  to  conduct  such  underground 
investigation  by  making  borings  by  the  hydraulic,  auger  and  diamond  drill 
processes  to  register  the  depths  the  caissons  would  have  to  be  sunk  to  rock, 
and  to  drill  into  the  rock  not  less  than  ten  feet  to  be  absolutely  certain  it 
was  bed  rock  and  not  boulders.  They  found  the  a\'erage  depth  to  rock 
below  curb  to  be  i  ib  feet. 

PREPARING  FOR  THE  FOUNDATIONS 

Work  was  commenced  in  September,  iqio,  by  the  wreckers  who  razed 
to  the  ground  the  fi\'e-  and  six-story  buildings  pre\iously  occupying  the 
site,  and  removed  their  materials.  On  November  i,  iqio,  the  foundation 
contractor  commenced  remo\al  of  the  walls,  footings  and  floors,  from  street 
level  clown  to  about  fifteen  feet  below  the  curb.  Walls  of  buildings  adjoining 
the  site  were  temporarily  supported  on  hea\'y  I-beams,  jack-screws  and 
cribbing,  while  they  were  underpinned  with  new  concrete  footings  carried 
down  about  forty  feet  below  street  le\'el  and  be\ond  the  new  general 
exca\ation. 

A  GREAT  FOUNDATION 

The  foundation  woi'k  and  other  underground  woi'k  was  done  by  The 
Foundation  Company. 

The  foundation  of  a  building  rising  seven  hundred  and  eighty  feet  above 
the  curb  must  be  a  foun^lation  which  can  be  depended  upon,  not  only  to 
bear  the  enormous  weight  in  thousands  of  tons  of  steel  and  stone  of  a  great 
structure,  but  to  bear  the  stresses  caused  by  vibration  and  wind.  The  whole 
burden  must  be  carried  by  the  foundation,  and  the  greatest  engineering  skill 
is  necessary  to  sound  beneath  the  curb  to  learn  the  nature  of  the  ground 
wherever  the  foundation  is  to  be  constructed. 

The  weight  of  the  structure  must  be  equall\-  distributed  at  given  points 
on  piers  and  columns,  and  the  weight  i-educed  to  an  a\'erage.  The  New- 
York  building  laws  are  wisely  made  in  the  interests  of  safe  building  con- 
struction so  far  as  the  foundations  are  concerned. 

lb 


Test  borings  on  the  site  of  the  W'oolworth  BtiilJing  discovered  rock  at 
one  hundred  and  thirty  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  street.  Solid  rock  was 
most  desirable  for  the  foundation  of  a  structure  which  would  weigh  206,000,000 
pounds  and  tower  into  the  air  higher  than  any  other  structure  in  the  world,  but 
it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  the  nature  of  the  ground,  even  though  it  be  of 
solid  rock,  is  not  so  important  as  its  compactness  and  consistency  throughout, 
or  so  important  as  the  thorough,  skilful  engineering  construction  of  the 
caisson  monoliths,  piers  ani.1  piles  whereon  the  stresses  of  the  buikling  are 
distributed. 

The  many  borings  made  by  the  engineers  disclosed  loam,  gravel  stone, 
shoal  water,  quicksand  and  solid  rock,  and  at  the  great  depth  of  130  feet 
below  the  curb  was  commenced  the  problem  of  building  the  piers  and  mono- 
liths which  should  be  impervious  to  shifting  sand  and  form  a  solid  construction 
equal  to  the  enormous  load. 

As  may  well  be  imagined,  many  complications  arose  in  the  excavations, 
owing  to  the  limited  area  of  the  site  and  the  great  depth  of  the  foundation, 
but  the  engineering  skill  brought  to  bear  on  the  situation,  together  with  the 
latest  appliances  and  machinery,  were  equal  to  the  task, 
and  gradually  the  foundation  became  a  wonderful  mass 
of  solidity,  prepared  for  the  walls  antl  the  column  of  the 
great  structure. 

BUILDING  THE  FOUNDATIONS 

With  one  possible  exception,  the  underground  work 
of  the  Woolworth  Building  called  for  the  largest  single 
pneumatic  caisson  contract  ever  let  in  New  ^'ork  City, 
or  elseu  here.  This  work  consisted  of  two  main  items,  the 
sinking  of  the  piers  and  the  deep  cellar  e.xca\ation. 

Sixty-six  reinforced  concrete  piers,  from  ten  to  twenty 
feet  in  diameter,  were  sunk  approximately  one  hundred 
and  ten  feet  deep.  They  were  installed  by  the  pneumatic 
caisson  process,  and  founded  on  bed  rock.  The  material 
penetrated  consisted  entirely  of  the  most  treacherous  ma- 
terial known  to  builders  and  engineers — quicksand.  The 
design  of  the  caissons  was  in  accoixlance  with  patents  held 
by  the  Foundation  Company,  a  typical  cross-section  of 
one  of  these  being  shown  in  accompanying  cut. 

After  the  piers  were  completed,  the  erection  of  the  steel 
work  began  at  once,  it  being  possible  to  do  this  because 
of  special  cofferdams  which  had  been  installed  on  the  tops 
of  the  piers.  This  sa\ed  considerable  time  in  the  ultimate 
completion  of  the  building,  inasmuch  as  the  steel  work 
was  not  delayed  by  the  general  cellar  excavation,  both  departments  of  the 
construction  work  being  conducted  simultaneously. 

The  main  cellar  and  sub-cellar  were  forced  bv  first  drix'ing  hea\'v  steel 


17 


sheet  piling  around  the  entire  site.  W  hen  this  w  as  done  the  sand  was  excavated 
and  hoisted  up  through  the  steel  work  of  the  building,  and  discharged  into 
trucks  on  the  street.  The  steel  sheeting  was  braced  to  the  steel  frame  of  the 
building.  When  it  is  remembered  that  this  cellar  was  55  feet  deep,  and 
partly  in  running  quicksand,  below  water,  and  that  25,000  cubic  yards  of 
the  quicksand  was  taken  out  without  interrupting  the  general  work  on 
building,  and  without  jeopardizing  the  large  buildings  on  all  sides,  the 
difficulty  of  the  problems  will  be  better  understood  and  the  achiexement 
appreciated. 

This  total  of  the  underground  work  in\ol\ed  an  outlay  of  one  million 
dollars,  and  was  accomplished  in  less  than  contract  time  by  The  Founelation 
Company,  of  1 15  Broadway,  New  York  City. 

MATERIALS  FOR  FOUNDATION  AND  SL'PERSTRUCTL'RE 

The  principal  quantities  involved  in  the  building  of  the  Woolworth 
include :  for  the  foundation,  about  booo  yards  of  excavation,  24,000  yards  of 
concrete,  300  tons  of  reinforcement  steel,  10,000  linear  feet  of  wooden  sheet 
piling  for  the  general  excavation,  and  20,000  square  feet  of  wood  and  steel 
sheet  piling  for  the  boiler  room  and  other  excavations  in  the  cellar. 

In  the  superstructure  there  are  about  23.000  tons  of  structural  steel, 
17,000,000  common  brick,  7,500  tons  of  terra  cotta,  1800  square  feet  of 
floor  tiles,  1,800,000  square  feet  of  partition  tiles,  and  2,500  square  feet  of 
cut  stone. 

SKELETON  STEEL  FRAME -WORK 

The  higher  the  ratio  of  available  floor  space  in  a  building  to  the  area  of 
the  plot  which  it  occupies,  other  conditions  being  equal,  the  more  profitable 
will  be  the  investment.  This  area  of  floor  space  is  mainly  dependent  on  the 
number  of  stoi'ies  and  the  space  taken  up  by  the  walls  and  interior  columns. 
In  the  heart  of  the  New  York  business  district,  where  every  square  foot  of 
ground  is  very  valuable,  it  is  highly  important  to  increase  this  ratio  to  the 
greatest  extent  possible.  Before  the  introduction  of  the  steel  "skeleton" 
frame-work,  the  thickness  of  walls  and  cross  sectional  area  of  interior  columns 
required  to  support  the  loads  for  buildings  of  oxer  about  ten  stories  high 
became  so  great  as  to  seriously  reduce  the  available  floor  and  w  indow  space 
in  the  lower  stories.  On  account  of  its  great  strength  the  "skeleton"  steel 
frame-work  carries  the  permanent,  floor,  roof,  and  w  ind  loads,  as  well  as  the 
weight  of  the  walls  themselves  directly  to  the  foundations,  with  a  compara- 
tively small  loss  of  floor  and  window  space,  for  a  height  of  building  far 
exceeding  that  possible  in  any  other  t\pe  of  construction.  C)nl\'  in  recent 
years  has  this  type  of  construction  reached  the  degree  of  perfection  lequiied 
to  build  such  a  gigantic  structure  as  the  Woolworth. 

The  design  of  the  steel  work  for  this  building  i^loeis  not  embod\  any  stri- 
kingly new  features,  but  it  does  include  to  an  unusual  degree  a  combination 
of  many  of  the  important  developments  for  structures  of  a  similar  class. 


SKELETON  STRUCTURE  OF  WOOLWORTH  BLUL.DlNu 
STEEL— AMERICAN  BRIDGE  COMP.'MSIY 


The  great  height  of  the  building  and  the  wind  load  assumed  develop  enormous 
stresses  in  the  steel  work  and  necessitate  the  use  of  huge  columns  and  girders. 
The  sixty  main  columns  support  an  estimated  weight  of  125.000  tons,  the 
maximum  load  on  one  column  being  about  q.500,000  pounds.    The  greatest 


cross  sectional  area  used  for  a  single  column  is  about  700  square  inches.  The 
heaviest  column  has  a  cross  sectional  area  of  b40  square  inches,  a  length  of 
30  feet,  and  a  weight  of  45  tons.  The  columns  rest  on  cast  steel  pedestals, 
supported  hy  massive  girders  and  grillages  of  beams,  resting  on  reinforced 
concrete  piers,  which  are  taken  to  solid  bed-rock  at  an  average  depth  of  1 15 
feet  below  the  curb  level.  One  of  the  foundation  girders  weighs  b5  tons,  is 
8  feet  deep,  about  b  feet  wide  and  23  feet  long.  This  girder  was  taken  from 
the  lighter  to  the  building  by  a  100-ton  truck  drawn  by  42  horses. 

The  wind  load  of  30  pounds  per  square  foot,  which  is  equivalent  to  a 
velocit\-  of  al?out  80  miles  per  hour,  is  very  severe  w  hen  considered  as  acting  on 
such  a  large  area  at  one  time,  and  the  stresses  resulting  from  this  assumption 
are  necessarily  very  large,  but  the  final  result  of  proportioning  the  steel  work 
for  such  a  condition  gives  a  \ery  rigid  stixicture.  The  maximum  wind  load 
on  a  single  column  is  2,500,000  pounds,  with  an  additional  bending  stress 
from  the  portal  bracing  of  200,000  pounds.  Wind  bracing  in  the  form  of 
brackets,  curxed  portals,  knee  braces,  gusset  plates  on  deep  plate  girders  and 
diagonals  from  floor  to  floor  for  the  tower  (below  the  fourth  floor)  transfer 
the  wind  stresses  to  the  columns,  no  reliance  being  placed  on  walls  and 
partitions  except  those  parallel  to  the  long  sides  of  the  building.  The  tower 
was  considered  as  a  unit  by  itself,  and  the  columns  and  wind  bracing  are 
proportioned  to  carry  the  load  directly  to  the  ground,  without  the  aid  of  the 
main  portion  of  the  building.  This  is  another  rather  severe  assumption  on 
the  side  of  safety.  The  bo-foot  by  i  lo-foot  wings  of  the  "U"-shaped  main 
building  are  connected  across  the  35-foot  interior  court  by  portal  struts  at 
about  every  fifth  story,  for  the  purpose  of  general  rigidity  and  making  the 
wings  act  as  a  unit  in  resisting  wind  pressure. 

The  24.000  tons  of  structural  steel  required  in  the  construction  of  this 
building  were  furnished  by  the  American  Bridge  Company  and  fabricated  in 
its  Philadelphia  and  Pittsburgh  plants  in  about  45  weeks.  The  assembling 
and  ri\eting  together  in  the  shop  of  the  huge  girders  and  columns  was  only 
accomplished  in  the  highly  satisfactory  manner  obtained  b\-  the  aid  ot  the 
most  modern  shop  appliances. 

THE  WIND-BR.ACING 

Owing  to  the  great  height  of  the  tower  of  the  Woolworth  Building,  careful 
calculations  were  made  by  the  engineers  regarding  elasticity,  vibration  and 
the  danger  from  wind-pressure,  and  a  system  of  w  ind-bracing  was  designed 
to  protect  not  only  the  tower  but  every  part  of  the  building  from  both 
ordinary  and  extraordinary  vibrations  or  wind  forces. 

It  was  assumed  that  the  high  wall  areas  might  be  exposed  to  a  pressure 
of  thirty  pounds  per  square  foot,  which  would  be  transmitted  through  the 
steel  framework  to  the  tops  of  the  concrete  piers  atout  thirty-fi\e  feet  below 
the  curb  level.  No  reliance  could  be  made  on  the  walls  and  partitions  except 
those  parallel  to  the  long  sides  of  the  building.  The  tower  was  designed 
independently,  as  though  it  stood  alone. 

ID 


In  the  tower  the  inclinLxl  members  of  the  pyramidal  roof  pi-o\iLle  \\ini.l- 
bracing  from  the  top  down  to  the  fiftieth  floor,  and  from  the  fiftieth  to  the 
forty-seventh  floor  the  wind  stresses  are  carried  to  the  four  interior  columns, 
with  gusset  plate  connections  to  the  floor  beams.  From  the  forty-seventh 
floor  to  the  forty-second  floor  the  wind  stresses  are  carried  down  through  the 
outer  columns,  with  solid  web  knee  brace  connections  to  the  wall  girders,  and 
from  the  forty-second  to  the  twenty-eighth  floors  the  bracing  consists  of 
deep  wall  girders  and  knee  braces;  below  the  twenty-eighth  floor  it  consists 
entirely  of  solid-web  full-depth  plate  girder  portals. 

The  two  wings  of  the  building,  bo  by  i  lo  feet  each,  are  connected  across 
the  35-foot  interior  court  by  portal  struts  at  about  every  fifth  story.  The 
transverse  columns  in  each  wing  are  connected  at  each  floor  by  double  lines 
of  continuous  deep  plate  girders  with  gusset  plate  connections. 

The  maximum  direct  compression  from  wind  stress  in  a  single  column  is 
2,500,000  pounds,  with  the  addition  of  200,000  pounds  flange  stress  from  the 
portal  bracing. 

On  the  Broadway  front  the  bracing  of  the  tower  consists  of  double  plate 
girder  portals  with  flange  angles.  In  the  basement  and  sub-basement  the 
portals  have  the  bottom  flanges  reinforced  by  cover  plates  extending  around 
the  curved  portion  of  the  flange.  From  the  tenth  to  the  twenty-seventh 
story  all  the  panels  are  braced  with  single  portals  having  pairs  of  flange 
angles  which  are  provided  with  top  chord  reinforcement  plates  from  the  fifth 
to  the  fifteenth  story  in  the  corner  panels.  From  the  twenty-eighth  to  the 
fortieth  stories  the  Broadway  face  of  the  tower  is  braced  by  wall  girdei's.  At 
the  forty-second  floor,  where  the  upper  stories  of  the  tower  are  offset  about 
seven  feet  inward,  the  depth  of  the  wall  girders  is  increased  and  knee  braces 
are  omitted.  From  the  forty-third  to  the  forty-sixth  story  the  wall  girders 
have  the  same  uniform  depth  and  are  connected  to  the  columns  through 
gusset  plates  projecting  beyond  the  top  and  bottom  flanges  to  form  knee 
braces  at  both  ends  in  the  center  panel  and  at  one  end  in  the  side  panels. 

In  the  four  lines  of  columns  perpendicular  to  the  Broadway  face  of  the 
tower  the  bracing  consists  of  plate  girder  portals  which  are  double  and  have 
flange  angles  to  the  fifth  floor,  abo\'e  which  they  are  single.  Above  the  fourth 
floor  the  bracing  in  the  west  face  of  the  tower  is  the  same  as  that  in  the 
Broadway  face,  but  below  the  fourth  floor  architectural  considerations  per- 
mitted diagonal  braces.  The  basement  and  first  floor  girders  are  plate  girders, 
and  those  on  the  second,  third  and  fourth  floors  have  pairs  of  i  5-inch  angles 
back  to  back. 

COMPLETING  CELLAR  EXC..\V.\TION 

When  the  steel  fiamework  was  well  advanced,  the  two  lines  of  rangers 
for  the  sheet  piling  on  the  lot  lines  were  braced  against  the  lower  sections  of 
the  steel  columns,  and  the  original  braces  and  pushers  were  remo\ed  to 
pei-mit  the  exca\ation  to  be  continued  to  sub-grade  of  the  cellar  floor  at  a 
depth  of  nearly  forty  feet  below  the  cui'b.    The  exca\ation  consisted  entireh' 


of  sand.  The  soil  was  drained  by  a  large  central  sump  sheeted  down  to  a 
depth  of  fifty  feet  below  the  curb  and  equipped  with  a  lo-inch  centrifugal 
pump  which  gradually  lowered  the  ground  water  level  more  than  two  feet. 
The  exca\ation  for  the  boilei'-room  pit,  si.xteen  feet  below  that  of  the  general 
cellar  floor  le\el,  was  made  by  hand  inside  of  steel  sheet  piling. 

REINFORCED  WALLS 

The  walls  are  reinforced  by  vertical  1 2-  to  20-inch  I-beams  about  three 
feet  apart,  on  centers,  framed  into  horizontal  channels  at  the  top,  bottom 
and  middle  of  the  wall.  Above  ground  water  line  the  walls  were  built  by  the 
general  contractor,  who  set  up  wooden  forms  clear  of  the  e.xterior  steel  sheet 
piling  and  rangers  and  enclosing  the  reinforcement  beams  and  channels.  The 
forms  were  filled  with  machine-mi.xed  cement  and  stone. 

THE  EXTERIOR  WALLS 

Enclosing  the  steel  frame  in  the  exterior  walls  about  17,000,000  common 
brick  were  used,  besides  7,500  tons  of  terra  cotta. 

Up  to  about  seven  feet  above  the  curb  line  the  e.xterior  walls  are  of  polished 
granite,  from  Rockport,  Maine,  and  from  that  elevation  to  the  fourth  story 
sill  course  they  are  of  Bedford  limestone,  above  which  point  the  walls  are 
built  with  terra  cotta  blocks.  Both  the  stone  and  terra  cotta  are  backed  by 
common  red  brick. 

William  Bradley  &  Son,  cut  stone  and  marble  contractors  of  Long  Island 
City,  N.  Y.,  furnished  appro.ximately  1,400  tons  of  limestone  for  the  lower 
portion  of  the  building. 

THE  FLOOR  CONSTRUCTION 

The  lower  floors  are  of  concrete,  twenty-four  inches  in  thickness  in  the 
boiler  and  engine  rooms,  and  tweh'e  inches  in  thickness  in  the  sub-basement, 
laid  on  the  surface  of  the  ground. 

The  door  tiles  were  laid  on  2  by  q-inch  centering  planks,  supportei.1  on 
4  by  4-inch  joists  suspended  by  's  inch  hook  bolts  about  4  feet  apart  on 
centers.  The  upper  ends  of  the  hook  bolts  passed  through  cantilever  plates 
and  took  nut  and  washer  bearings  4  by  4-inch  cushion  pieces  on  top  of  them. 
The  2>^  by  X  inch  standard  cantilever  plates  were  about  10  inches  long,  and 
at  the  anchor  end  were  hooked  over  the  top  flanges  of  the  floor  beams,  beyond 
the  other  side  of  which  the  cantilever  ends  projected  to  receive  the  hook 
bolts  and  were  punched  with  two  holes,  spaced  to  clear  different  widths  of 
beam  flanges.  The  hook  bolts  were  adjustable  by  their  top  nuts  sufficiently 
to  allow  the  centering  planks  to  receive  the  soffit  tiles  below  the  bottom 
flanges  of  the  floor  beams,  an^l  then  were  screwed  up  tightK',  holding  the 
entire  construction  in  place. 

22 


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SOME  OF  THE  EXTERIOR  ARCHITECTURAL  DETAILS 

LIME  STONE  FOR  LOWER  PORTION  OF  BUILDING  FURNISHED  BY  WILLIAM 

BRADLEY  &  SON 


THE  HOLLOW  TILE  CONSTRUCTION 

All  the  floors  above  the  street  level  are  of  hollow  tile,  except  two  pipe 
gallery  floors,  where  stone  concrete  slabs,  four  inches  thick,  are  used.  The 
arches  are  the  familiar  type  of  side  construction  skews  and  ke>'S,  with  end 
construction  lengtheners.  Twehe-inch  arches  used  12-inch  I-beams,  and 
15-inch  arches  15-inch  I-beams.  Where  the  beams  are  deeper  than  15  inches 
a  raised  skew  is  used,  with  12-inch  arches.  All  girders  are  encased  in  hollow 
tik".  The  contiactor  had  the  option  of  fireproofing  the  columns  with  stone 
concrete,  or  with  hollow  tile  with  cement  mortar  poured  in  to  fill  the  space 
between  the  blocks  and  the  steel  work,  but  concluded  that  hollow  tile  would 
be  most  satisfactory. 

The  columns  in  the  lower  stories  were  fireproofecl  with  stone  concrete. 
On  account  of  the  obstruction  caused  by  numerous  pipes,  it  was  found 
difficult  to  continue  this  method,  so  recourse  was  had  to  the  "cement  gun,"' 
which  pro\ed  so  satisfactory  that  its  use  was  approved  ani.1  all  the  columns 
and  windbracing  in  the  upper  stories  were  encased  in  mortar  thrown  on  by 
the  "gun."  Thus  the  steel  is  protected  from  corrosion  by  the  .Atlantic  Port- 
land cement  mortar,  and  the  whole  construction  from  fire  by  the  blocks. 

All  partitions  are  of  foui'-inch  and  si.\-inch  hollow  tile.  All  wall  furring 
is  of  two-inch  and  three-inch  hollow  tile.  The  following  are  the  approximate 
quantities  of  hollow  tile  used  in  the  building:  750,000  square  feet  floor  and 
roof  arches;  200,000  square  feet  girder  covering  and  1,500,000  square  feet 
partitions  ani:l  furring,  or  a  total  of  28,000  tons. 

CEMENT  IN  THE  GREAT  BLULDING 

No  less  than  seventy  thousand  barrels  of  Atlantic  Portland  cement  was 
used  in  the  general  construction  of  the  Wool  worth  Building. 

This  quantity'  of  cement  for  one  building  appears  staggering  at  first,  but 
when  the  enormous  height  of  the  strticture  and  the  extraordinary  depth  ot 
the  foundations  are  duly  considered,  seventy  thousand  barrels  of  cement, 
for  a  building  weighing  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  thousand  tons,  does  not 
seem  much  uftci'  all. 

The  contractors  were  well  aware  of  the  importance  of  using  an  absolutely 
reliable  product  when  they  specified  and  contracted  for  this  particular  cement. 
Even  the  great  vaults  of  the  Ir\'ing  National  Bank,  which  arc  pan  of  the 
Woolworlh  Building,  aix-  built  ol  .\llanlic  Portland  cement  an^l  steel.  1  he 
many  millions  of  dollars  in  securities  to  be  protected,  besides  the  exceptional 
size  of  the  building,  demanded  extraordinary  strength  and  durability. 

it  must  not  be  imagined  that  Atlantic  Portland  cement  was  chosen  for 
this  important  buikling  without  careful  tests.  The  architect,  general  con- 
tractors and  cng  neers  made  an  incisive  investigation  of  all  brands  of  cement, 
and  it  was  only  after  prolonged  tests  and  analyses  that  the  cement  which 

24 


proved  to  be  the  most  satisfactory  uas  decided  upon.  TJTis  was  the  Atlantic. 
It  was  no  matter  of  chance  or  favor,  but  the  result  of  scientific  merit.  The 
wisdom  of  those  who  selected  the  Atlantic  cement  for  the  Woolworth  is 
fully  justified  by  the  fact  that  this  cement  was  chosen,  after  severe  tests, 
for  the  Municipal  Building,  the  highest  apartment  house,  the  largest  hotel 
and  the  tallest  loft  building  in  New  York  City,  besides  great  engineering 
projects,  such  as  the  Manhattan  Bridge,  and  Blackwell's  Island  Bridge  over 
the  East  River,  and  the  Chelsea  piers  on  the  North  River,  which  operations 
were  under  the  supervision  of  the  cement  engineers  of  the  Bridge  and  Dock 
Department,  who  have  recorded  the  results  of  their  tests  of  the  Atlantic 
Portland  cement  and  the  complete  satisfaction  obtained. 

The  manufacturers  of  the  Atlantic  Portland  cement  have  gained  a 
high  reputation  for  their  product  only  by  maintaining  the  high  quality,  and 
architects,  contractors  and  engineers  find  they  can  rely  upon  it  where  the 
use  of  the  best  cement  the  world  can  produce  is  paramount. 

THE  TERRA  COTTA  FACADES 

The  entire  visible  facades  of  the  Woolworth  Building  are  made  strong  and 
beautiful  with  terra  cotta.  From  the  third  story  to  a  height  of  eight  hundred 
and  seventy-seven  feet,  viewed  from  the  north,  the  south,  the  east  and  the 
west,  the  rich  Gothic  designs  are  plainly  to  be  seen  and  admired,  marking 
every  window  and  each  story  by  the  sharp  outlines  and  exquisite  figures, 
curves  and  scrolls. 

When  the  Etruscans  made  their  sarcophagi  and  their  ornaments  in 
building  or  wares  in  this  useful  matei'ial,  250  B.  C,  they  ga\'e  e\idence  of 
wonderful  ingenuity  and  study.  Archeologists  believe  that  the  material  made 
by  the  Etruscans  was  superior  to  that  made  to-day,  but  it  must  be  considered 
that  the  ancients  used  it  in  making  vases  and  valued  ornamental  figure 
constixiction,  stich  as  sarcophagi,  whereas  to-day  these  things  are  made  of 
more  costly  material.  The  terra  cotta  of  to-day  is  a  plasha  mixture  of  clay 
and  other  substances  which  can  be  moulded  by  hand  or  machine,  perhaps,  to 
architectural  forms  and  baked  to  a  hardness  and  toughness  useful  in  building 
construction.  It  is  somewhat  less  costly  than  carved  stone,  and  allows 
greater  scope  in  design,  besides  being  lighter  and  more  suital?!e  for  lofty 
buildings,  especially  towers. 

The  prevailing  color  of  the  terra  cotta  on  the  Woolworth  Building  is  a 
delicate  buff,  varying  slightly  in  tone,  and  wherever  a  modeled  design  is  in 
evidence  it  is  thrown  into  relief  more  strongly  by  soft  shades  of  blue,  green 
or  golden  yellow. 

The  terra  cotta  work  on  the  Woolworth  Building  was  commenced  Feb- 
ruary I,  iqii,  at  the  fotirth  floor  of  the  court  walls  and  at  the  si.xth  floor  of 

2J 


the  front  walls.    It  was  continued  at  the  rate  of  one  to  one  and  a  half  stories 
each  week,  the  work  being  entirely  controlled  by  the  deliveries  of  the  blocks. 

.^lERICAN  MARBLES  PREDOMINATE 

No  cultured  visitor  to  the  Woolworth  Building  will  fail  to  admire  the 
polished  and  carved  blocks  and  beautiful  carvings  of  exquisitely  colored  and 
shaded  marbles.  The  richness  of  the  marble  wainscoting,  the  panelling  of 
the  walls  and  the  Gothic  carving  must  impel  an  impression  of  la\ish  expendi- 
ture as  well  as  unusual  artistic  acKancement  and  determination  to  outrank 
all  other  buildings  in  majestic  embellishment.  There  are  over  700  steps  in 
the  stairways,  and  it  is  worth  while  for  an  American,  especially,  to  walk  up 
and  admire  the  marble  product  of  the  United  States.  All  the  qualities  of 
famous  Italian  marbles  are  to  be  found  in  the  marbles  of  Vermont,  which 
substantially  adorn  the  wainscotes  or  the  walls  of  the  Woolworth.  The  deep, 
warm  colors,  the  variety  of  shades  and  delicate  tints  are  all  there.  Green  Vein 
Cream  Paonazzo  marble  and  American  Siena  from  the  Eastman  quarries  of 
West  Rutland,  Vermont. 

The  marble  worker  knows  the  quality  of  marble  by  its  polish,  its  compact- 
ness and  the  way  it  holds  the  arris  in  carving.  The  Gothic  carvings  in  the 
main  corridor  will  bear  the  scrutiny  of  the  critic;  the  polish  is  almost  dazzling 
and  the  arris  is  perfect,  while  the  marble  itself  laughs  with  ripples  of  exquisite 
green  shades  on  a  sea  of  delicate  cream  yellow.  The  marble  was  furnished 
by  Tompkins-Kiel  Marble  Company,  of  New  York  City. 

The  carving  was  executed  by  Wm.  Bradley  &  Son,  of  Long  Island  City; 
the  marble  was  polished  by  them  and,  in  fact,  the  marble  throughout  the 
building  was  selected  and  the  work  executed  by  them. 

Vermont  possesses  the  largest  marble  quarries  in  the  United  States,  if 
not  the  largest  in  the  world.  Fifty  years  ago  the  quarries  of  Rutland  were 
operated  by  ox  teams  and  hand  work  of  the  crudest  foi-m.  but  half  a  century 
has  wrought  a  remarkable  change.  The  vast  quarries  there  are  now  as  much 
alive  with  modern  machinery  and  appliances  as  the  busiest  Italian  quarries 
at  Carrara.  Electric  cranes  and  derricks  mo\e  the  huge  blocks  of  marble 
in  every  direction,  and  channcllers  are  busy  dividing  huge  blocks  for  ship- 
ment. One  of  the  finishing  rooms  at  the  Rutland  marble  quarries  is  1000 
feet  long,  and  contains  scores  of  gang  saws  cutting  up  the  marble  into  various 
shapes. 

The  most  beautiful  Paonazzo  mnrblc  is  iccoidcLl  b\-  the  Romans  as 
"opaline  in  its  play  of  colors."  Doubtless,  if  the  Romans  had  seen  the 
beautiful  Green  Vein  Cream  Paonazzo  marble  of  the  Eastman  quarries  of 
West  Rutlani.1,  thc\-  would  ha\e  counted  it  among  their  \alued  products. 
The  American  Siena  from  the  Eastman  quarries  also  ri\  als  the  famous  Giallo 
de  Siena  in  variety  of  shades  and  depth  of  color. 

26 


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I  V     I 


MAIN   HALLWAY 

MOSAIC  GLASS  CEILING— HEINIGKE  &  BOWEN 
MARBLE— TOMPKINS-KIEL  MARBLE  WORKS 
MARBLE  FINISH— WILLIAM  BRADLEY  &  SON 


MARBLE— TOMPK INS-KIEL  MARBLE  COMPANY 
CARVING— WILLIAM  BRADLEY  &  SON 

THE  MARBLE  HALL 

It  is  impossible  to  visit  the  Woolworth  Building  without  stopping  to 
admire  the  exquisite  beauty  of  the  main  approach  to  the  interior.  At  the 
end  of  the  corridor,  opposite  the  Broadway  entrance,  is  a  marble  stairway 
leading  to  the  Irving  National  Bank.  The  beautiful  marble  carvings  are 
Greek  in  design  and  executed  with  marvellous  skill.  The  ornamental  metal 
work  is  principally  wrought  iron,  covered  with  pure  gold.  William  Bradley 
&  Son  executed  the  marble  work  in  the  main  hall  and  in  the  Ir\ing  Bank. 

As  one  enters  the  main  corridor,  the  grandeur  of  the  marble  work  is  most 
appealing.  The  pink  and  golden  veined  marble,  lining  the  walls  and  in  the 
grand  stairway,  was  brought  from  the  famous  Skyros  quarries  of  Southern 
Greece. 

The  wonderful  frieze  course  of  such  intricate  design  is  carved  from  the 
choicest  blocks  of  Vermont  marble.  The  bank  rooms  have  been  finished  in  a 
pleasing  and  mellow  tone  of  dark  cream  marble  (Tavernelle). 

Passing  through  the  upper  corridors,  it  is  decidedly  pleasing  to  notice 
that  the  usual  custom  of  repetition  has  been  avoided.  Various  marbles  have 
been  used  for  the  corridor  wainscot,  and  no  two  consecutive  floors  are  alike. 

No  greater  quantity  of  such  valuable  marble  has  ever  been  used  in  a 
commercial  building,  and  but  few  buildings  of  any  description  possess  a  like 
value  of  interior  marble. 


This  vast  quantity  of  marble,  so  skillfully  worked,  and  erected  in  contract 
time,  speaks  well  for  the  efficiency  of  the  plant  and  organization  of  William 
Bradley  &  Son.  Long  Island  City,  who  were  the  contractors  for  all  of  the 
marble  work  in  the  W'oolworth  Building. 

THE  GL.^SS  MOS.MC  .AND  LE.ADED  GL.ASS 

It  is  not  absolutely  necessary  to  visit  Venice  in  order  to  view  some  of 
the  most  pleasing  effects  in  mosaic  glass.  The  ceiling  of  the  main  hall  in  the 
WooKvorth  Building  is  an  entrancing  mass  of  varying  tones  of  light  and 
color.  The  banking  rooms  on  the  floor  above  are  even  more  .attractive  in 
their  subdued  beauty,  but  all  material,  carvings  and  colorings  are  genuinely 
artistic  and  in  keeping  with  the  general  character  of  a  structure  of  uncommon 
beaut\-.  All  the  glass  mosaic  and  leaded  glass  work  was  executed  by  Heinigke 
&  Bowen,  and  it  unquestionably  represents  the  most  costly  as  well  as  the 
richest  class  of  mosaic  work  ever  contracted  for  in  a  business  building. 

The  ceilings  of  the  main  and  transverse  halls  are  decorated,  forever,  in  a 
quality  of  color  which  can  be  arrixed  at  in  no  other  permanent  material. 

Mr.  Gilbert's  sketch  stiggested  a  treatment  in  perfect  sympathy  with  the 
other  decorations. 

The  simple  palette,  direct  system  and  vigorous  methods  used  by  Heinigke 
&  Bowen  in  carrying  out  the  sketch  recall  the  great  mosaics  of  Re\'enna  and 
Rome,  rather  than  the  more  labored  Venetian  decorations,  though  the 
mechanical  processes  and  the  size  of  the  two  and  a  half  million  indix'idual 
tescerae  are  more  like  the  latter. 

The  leaded  glass  ceiling  lights  o\'er  the  main  stair  and  the  banking  room, 
executed  by  the  same  firm,  ha\e  the  same  sympathy  with  the  spii'it  which 
pervades  this  building.  That  of  the  bank  is  severely  conventional  and  merely 
continues  the  coffer  paneling  of  the  plaster,  but  the  one  over  the  stairs  com- 
bines a  quite  free  vine  treatment  w  ith  a  bit  of  sentiment  in  the  form  of  coats- 
of-arms  of  the  great  mercantile  nations  which  have  contributed  in  building 
both  the  monument  and  the  fortune  which  conjured  it. 

THE  STONE  CARVING  AND  MODELLING 

The  carving  and  modelling  are  usually  entrusted  to  the  contractor  for 
stone,  marble  or  terra  cotta,  who  in  turn  gives  the  work  to  the  lowest  bidder. 
This  lack  of  system  often  results  in  inferior  work,  w  hich  is  traceable  in  many 
pretentious  buildings.  In  the  W'oolworth  Building,  however,  wisdom  pre- 
dominated and  the  architect  made  the  selection  of  the  men  who  should  do 
the  carving  and  moLlclling.  It  was  a  matter  of  importance  that  the  artistic 
efl'ect  of  the  entire  construction  should  be  maintained  in  every  detail.  John 
Donnelly  and  Eliseo  V.  Ricci  were  awarded  this  important  contract.  They 
executed  the  carving  with  wonderful  skill  and  made  the  models  for  every- 
thing in  the  building  which  had  to  be  specially  designed  an^l  made,  fiom 
the  door  knobs  to  the  copper  finale  on  the  tower. 

30 


<'■- » 


MODELLING— DONNELLY  &  RICCl 

K4any  architects  are  beginning  to  realize  that  the  subletting  of  important 
contracts  where  the  artistic  element  is  paramount  is  apt  to  result  in  inartistic 
effects  which  bring  great  disappointment,  often  too  late  for  alteration. 

THE  PLASTERING.  PLAIN  AND  ORNAMENTAL 

The  plastering,  decorative  and  plain,  throughout  the  Woolworth  Building 
was  executed  by  H.  W.  Miller,  Inc.  It  is  doubtful  whether  a  contract  covering 
such  a  large  extent  of  surface  has  e\er  been  made  with  any  one  firm  of 
plasterers  before.  Over  two  and  one-half  million  square  feet  of  surface  had 
to  be  covered,  involving  six  million  pounds  of  gypsum  plaster. 

The  contract  called  for  the  best  work  possible  to  be  done  and  the  best 
materials,  and  H.  W.  Miller,  Inc.,  accepted,  knowing  that  they  could  com- 
mand the  finest  materials,  that  they  had  a  superabundance  of  the  most  im- 
proved tools  and  appliances,  and  what  was  equally  as  important,  that  they 
had  a  staff  of  skilled  and  experienced  men  in  every  branch  of  plastering  work. 

The  work  ranged  from  plain  surfaces,  sand  or  stone  finish,  throughout 
the  various  moldings,  panelings,  embellishments  and  decorative  pieces  of 
fine  detail,  to  the  gorgeous  domes  and  ceilings  of  hallways,  the  Irving  Bank 
and  the  vaulted  ceiling  of  the  rathskeller  and  the  ceiling  of  the  grand  entrance 
corridor. 

H.  W.  Miller,  Inc.,  w  ith  their  army  of  efficient  workmen  and  appliances, 
performed  difficult  work  under  many  trying  conditions,  but.  like  all  true 
workmen,  they  mastered  every  difficulty  and  met  without  friction  the  require- 
ments of  marble  masons,  decorators  and  others  who  had  to  take  part  in  the 
work  inside  the  Woolworth  Building. 


31 


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PLASTERING— H   \V  MILLER.  Inc. 

The  keen  eyes  of  the  inspectors  appointed  l?y  the  general  contractors  to 
scrutinise  all  work,  examined  the  plastering  with  unusual  care,  not  because 
they  doubted  the  ability  of  H.  \V.  Miller,  Inc.,  to  maintain  the  high  reputation 
already  made,  but  because  verification  was  an  absolute  necessity.  Workmen 
grow  tired  occasionally  and  odd  corners  may  be  overlooked. 

The  X-ray  eyes  of  the  Thompson-Starrett  Company's  supervisors,  how- 
ever, were  equal  to  all  emergencies,  and  from  the  basement  to  the  topmost 
rooms  in  the  tower,  day  by  day,  as  the  work  was  executed,  the  examina- 
tion proceeded  and  finally  the  report  was  made.  Every  suggestion  of  the 
inspectors  was  attended  to  with  care,  and  the  work  pronounced  all  that  could 
be  desired.  This  was  surely  the  foundation  of  a  reputation  for  any  firm  to 
have  succeeded  in  a  great  and  arduous  task  like  the  plastering  of  the  Wool- 
worth  Building. 

Plastering  is  by  no  means  a  new  art,  as  some  may  imagine,  for  the  covering 
up  of  defects  or  smoothing  of  walls.  The  pyramids  of  Egypt  contain  plaster 
work  which  must  have  been  executed  four  thousand  years  ago,  at  least,  but 
which  is  hard  ami  durable  to-i.lay,  and,  strange  as  it  may  I'ead,  it  is  never- 
theless true,  that  the  tools  in  vogue  at  that  time  arc  identical  with  the 
common  tools  of  the  plasterer  to-day. 


31 


PAINTING  THE  INTERIOR 

Surely  the  painting  which  occupied  150  skilled  men  six  months  in  one 
building  deserves  more  than  a  passing  notice.  The  building  was  a  most 
exceptional  one,  the  tallest  in  the  world  in  fact,  as  we  are  pleased  to  repeat, 
and  the  contract  called  for  thorough  and  skilful  work. 

The  u'ork  of  the  W.  P.  Nelson  Company  consisted  in  painting  the  plas- 
tered walls  and  ceilings  of  offices,  corridors,  toilets,  stairhalls,  barber  shop 
and  engine  rooms,  and  the  finishing  of  elevator  fronts  in  gold  and  metallic 
paints.  In  a  structure  over  fifty  stories  in  height  the  work  might  be  measured 
in  acres  superficially,  but  the  paint  used  amounted  to  no  less  than  7,500  gal- 
lons. 

None  but  a  concern  equipped  with  a  perfectly  organized  staff  of  capable 
workmen  could  have  undertaken  the  painting  of  a  great  structure  like  the 
Woolworth.  In  addition  to  this  there  must  be  scientific  knowledge  of  mate- 
rials and  the  application;  adequate  tools  and  appliances  besides  careful, 
unfailing  management  of  men.  This  is  precisely  the  equipment  of  the  W.  P. 
Nelson  Company,  and  the  architect  and  the  contractors  knew  it  by  their 
great  reputation  for  fulfilling  their  contracts  with  absolute  satisfaction, 
which  is  just  what  they  did  in  the  Woolworth. 

One  of  the  noticeable  features  in  connection  with  the  rapid  advance 
made  in  building  construction  during  recent  years  is  the  parallel  advance  of 
materials,  products,  appliances,  accessories  and  men,  to  make  the  archi- 
tects' designs  realizations  of  strength  and  beauty.  Steel  frames  and  cement 
appeared  when  they  were  most  needed,  when  business  districts  were  over- 
crowded and  great  office  buildings  were  really  a  necessity.  Foundation- 
building  improved  and  modern  invention  met  every  requirement.  The 
painters'  and  decorators'  art  and  science  has  not  been  sleeping,  and  to-day  a 
giant  organization  like  the  W.  P.  Nelson  Company  can  cover  a  mammoth 
temple  of  finance  with  a  coat  of  white  enamel  paint  in  so  short  a  time  as  the 
builders  demand. 

DECORATIVE  PAINTING  IN  THE  BANK 

Through  the  resplendent  corridor  with  its  rich  mosaic  ceiling — up  the 
grand  marble  staircase,  one  enters  the  spacious  quarters  of  The  Irving  Na- 
tional Bank.  One  immediately  feels  impressed  by  the  imposing  character  of 
this  room,  with  its  dominant  notes  expressed  in  the  I'ich  and  luminous,  yet 
subdued  coloring  of  the  ceiling. 

The  influence  of  Fifteenth  Century  Gothic  is  strongly  and  agreeably  felt 
throughout  the  interior.  The  beautifully  embellished  coffered  ceiling  is 
executed  in  tones  of  old  gold,  warm  greys  and  deep  blues  that  strike  the 
keynote  of  the  complete  color  scheme  and  enhance  the  harmony  of  the 
entire  room.  A  most  successful  result  has  been  produced  here,  which  not 
only  beautifies  the  room  but  reflects  the  prevailing  character  of  the  building. 

The  Barnet  Phillips  Company  designed  and  executed  the  decorative 
painting,  under  the  personal  direction  of  Mr.  Cass  Gilbert. 

33 


DECORATIX'E  PAINTING 

The  painted  decora- 
tion of  the  main  corridors 
and  entrance  halls  of  the 
W'oolworth  Building  is 
the  work  of  Mack,  Jen- 
ney  &  Tyler,  and  in  the 
execution  of  this  work  it 
was  the  constant  desire 
to  create  a  harmonious 
ensemble,  reflecting  at 
all  times  the  spirit  sug- 
gested by  the  architec- 
ture. 

The  color  scheme  of 
the  whole  ground  floor 
was  in  a  way  predeter- 
mined and  governed  by 
the  architect. 

All  plaster  surfaces 
were  decorated  in  con- 
foi-mit>-  w  ith  this  scheme 
in  such  a  manner  that  it 
would  impress  the  most 
casual  visitor  as  one  of 
great  beauty,  having 
been  carefully  studied  and  absolutely  fitting  and  appropriate  to  its  rich 
en\  ironment  of  bronze,  marble,  mosaic  and  leaded  glass. 

In  the  two  lunettes  of  "Commerce"  and  "Industry"  at  either  end  of  the 
large  lateral  corridors  of  the  mezzanine  floor  the  same  quality  of  unquestioned 
suitability  to  the  position  they  occupy  was  striven  for.  The  choice  of  subject 
for  the  two  magnified  triptychs  is  ob\'ious,  in  \'iew  of  the  purpose  for  which 
this  building  was  erected. 

In  general  the  purpose  has  been  to  have  the  work  in  tune  with  its  entire 
surroundings  and  thereby  obtain  a  general  harmonious  effect  and  an  attendant 
quality  of  richness,  beauty  and  dignity,  which  a  piece  of  work  of  this  import- 
ance and  character  should  possess. 

MLIRAL  DECOR..\TIONS  IN  THE  R;\TI  ISKELLER 
Treatment  of  walls  and  ceilings  is  seldom  matched  by  the  unique  splendor 
of  the  Rathskeller  in  the  basement  of  the  W'oolworth  Building.    In  a  sense 
it  is  the  culminating  featuix'  of  the  most  aitistic  commercial  structure  in  the 
work!. 

The  unusual  lighting  effects,  the  pleasing,  restful  color  scheme  and  the 
poetic,  fanciful  mural  decorations  on  walls  and  ceiling  all  blend  into  an 
effect  that  is  sumptuous  and  harmonious  to  a  high  degree. 


DECORATIVE  PAINTING— MACK,  JENNEY  &  TYLER,  N.  Y. 


34 


MURAL  DECORATION— FREDERICK  J.  WILEY 

LIGHTING  FIXTURES-EDWARD  F  CALDWELL  &  COMPANY 

The  color  scheme  of  the  Rathskeller  is  a  blending  of  cream-white,  warm 
red  and  gold.  The  walls  are  white  and  great  pillars  of  white  rise  toward  the 
low-sloping,  arched  ceiling  to  merge  with  the  brilliantly  colored  scenes  de- 
picted there.  The  mural  decorations  give  the  immense  dining-room  its  tone 
and  atmosphere.  Mr.  Frederick  J.  Wiley,  the  mural  painter,  designed  and 
executed  the  Rathskeller's  entire  mural  decorations. 

The  spirit  that  prexails  is  Fifteenth  Century,  although  many  of  the 
scenes  and  some  of  the  musicians,  writers  and  poets  pictured  are  distinctly 
modern. 

The  frieze  on  the  walls  shows  individual  figures  of  celebrities  in  char- 
acteristic attitudes  and  ensemble  groups  with  just  a  touch  of  the  grotesque 
to  make  them  seem  really  human  and  interesting.  It  required  the  touch 
of  a  genuine  artist  to  give  to  the  groups  the  light,  humorous  touch.  Medi- 
eval hunting  scenes,  towering  castles,  wandering  troubadours,  knightly  horse- 
men, wind-driven  galleons — all  are  pictured  in  a  free,  joyous  spirit,  poetic 
in  conception,  rich  in  color  and  design.  Although  he  had  the  assistance  of  a 
dozen  or  more  artists  who  worked  under  his  personal  direction,  the  general 
conception  and  man\-  of  the  largei"  details  were  executed  by  Mr.  Wiley  per- 
sonally. Artists  and  laymen  who  have  seen  the  Woolworth  Rathskeller 
pronounce  it  the  most  unique  and  artistic  in  the  country. 

35 


THE  MUSICAL  CHIMES 

A  visitor  to  the  Wool  worth  Build- 
ing is  naturally  first  impressed  with 
its  altitude,  and  this  impression  is 
deepened  and  strengthened  hy  the 
wonderful  \iew  obtained  from  the 
highest  portions  of  this  monument  to 
architectural  progress  and  modern 
enterprise. 

This  view  of  a  great  city,  lying  at 
\our  very  feet  and  yet  so  far  away 
that  its  myriads  of  hustling  citizens 
seem  hut  Lilliputian  travesties  of 
themsehes.  can  be  likened  to  nothing 
else  in  the  world.  It  is  perhaps  as  the 
summit  of  a  \eritable  metropolitan 
Alpine  height,  portraying  the  spirit 
of  the  times  in  its  most  exalted  mood. 
At  the  base  of  this  mountain  of 
endeavor,  to  fortify  the  climber  be- 
fore and  to  regale  him  after,  lies  a 
charming  inn,  so  fashioned  in  its  in- 
teiior  as  to  visualize  the  German  bier- 
stube  that  your  memory  lo\es,  or 
that  your  fa\orite  author  has  brought  to  your  affections.  A  real  bit  of  old 
Europe  is  this  Rathskeller,  as  it  is  called;  quaint  in  its  conception,  unique  in  its 
ini.lividuality,  yet  characteristic  in  its  appeal,  you  lull  in  lo\c  w  ith  it  at  once. 
And  the  Chimes!  The  cleep-toned  tubes  of  bell  metal  brass,  animated  by 
the  god  of  modern  science,  heighten  the  illusion  of  the  vision  of  the  F'ather- 
land  in  good  old  German  songs  that  link  the  American  to-day  w  ith  the  dear 
old  yesterdays  of  a  youth  long  past. 

The  chimes  represent  the  last  word  in  a  fiekl  where  music  and  science 
are  true  allies.  They  consist  of  eighteen  lubes,  mounted  on  a  stationary  rack 
especially  constructed  to  fit  the  furnishing  scheme  of  the  establishment,  and 
equipped  with  single  stroke  magnets.  They  are  played  automaticalK  by 
means  of  a  pneumatic  player  devised  by  Harry  A.  Yerkes,  of  the  Yerkes 
Sound-Effects  Company,  who  manufacture  the  Yerkes  Temple  Bells  and 
Westminster  C^himes.  This  pneumatic  player  is  fitted  with  a  clockwork 
attachment  which  acts  as  a  kapellmeister  to  tine  brass  choir,  starting  a  num- 
ber on  schedule  time  at  the  striking  of  the  hour. 

In  truth,  you  ha\'e  not  seen  all  the  wonders  of  the  Woolworth  Buikling  Lintil 
you  have  visitCLJ  the  Rathskeller  with  its  set  of  ^'erkes  .SeH-Pla\  ing  Chimes. 
The  Yerkes  Sound-[£ffects  Company  has  its  own  factory  building  at  loi 
East  Eight\-eighlh  Street,  New  "^'ork  City,  where  it  turns  out  its  product 
for  the  w  IlIc  world  to  enjoy,  fiom  Bi'oadway  to  Melboui-ne,  ani.1  iVom  the 
Yukon  to  Mandala\-. 

36 


CHIMES  IN  RATHSKELLER 
YERKES  SOUND-EFFECTS  CO. 


BRONZE-COVERED  FRAMES  AND  SASHES— UNITED  STATES  METAL  PRODUCTS  CO. 


THE   INTERIOR  TRIM 

The  interior  of  the  WooKvorth  is  trimmed  in  a  manner  to  set  the  ordinary 
conflagration  at  defiance.  It  is  fitted  with  steel  throughout  the  entire  building. 
Wood  was  eliminated  from  the  specifications  altogether,  and  there  are  four 
thousand  steel  doors,  miles  of  metal  railing,  picture  moulding,  conduit 
moulding,  besides  ten  thousand  feet  of  metal  office  partitioning. 

Wire  glass  is  used  to  protect  those  places  which  are  exposed  to  fire  risk 
from  adjoining  buildings,  but  everywhere  else  are  bronze-covered  window 
frames  and  sashes  with  hollow  steel  trim — 3  500  altogether.  The  elevator  open- 
ings are  enclosed  in  fireproof  shafts,  and  all  elevator  doors  are  of  iron,  except 
those  on  the  first  story,  which  are  of  polished  and  engraved  steel. 

There  are  four  stairways  within  the  main  building  and  two  in  the  tower. 
These  are  enclosed  with  terra  cotta  partitions  and  are  shut  off  from  the 
public  corridors  by  hollow  steel  doors.  A  fire  escape  is  located  at  the  end  of 
the  court  and  approached  from  the  main  corridor  on  each  story. 

The  United  States  Metal  Products  Company  executed  the  contract  for 
the  interior  metal  work  very  satisfactorily,  furnishing  more  than  3500  bronze- 
covered  frames  and  sash  and  hollow  steel  trim,  several  hundred  thousand 
feet  of  hollow  steel  moulding,  3000  hollow  steel  doors,  interior  partition 
frames  and  sash,  besides  numerous  other  metal  fireproof  devices.  All  this 
material  is  finished  in  mahoganv. 


37 


WA  1  liRPRi.KJl-  ROC)I-lNG-T  NEW  CONSTRUCTION  CO 

THE  ROOFING  AND  VITRIFIED  TILES 

Great  caie  was  taken  to  ensure  a  suitable  roof  covering  for  the  flat  roof 
of  the  Woolvvorth  main  building. 

A  record  of  seventy  years  has  proved  that  coal-tar-saturated  felt  and  coal 
tar  pitch  waterproofing,  when  protected  with  \itrified  tiles  or  bricks,  makes 
the  only  genuine  waterproof  flat  roof.  This  is  the  roofing  which  covers  the 
flat  top  of  the  Woolworth  Building.  The  \itrified  tiles  are  laid  in  Portland 
cement.  The  architect  and  contractors  are  satisfied  that  the  work  was  well 
done,  and  that  there  is  every  probability  of  the  roof  outlasting  the  structure. 

Cyrus  Warren,  away  back  in  1845,  made  many  experiments  with  coal 
tar  and  felt  in  his  endeavor  to  produce  a  waterproof  roofing.  He  distilled 
the  coal  tai'  into  pitch  in  order  to  cement  tarred  felt  together  in  se\eral 
layers  on  a  roof,  and  coated  the  surface  with  hot  pitch  and  gravel,  thereby 
making  the  first  built-up  roof  for  fiat  roofs;  and,  after  two-thirds  of  a  century, 
the  materials  hax'c  proved  to  be  the  best  and  most  economical  as  a  rain 
repellant. 

With  the  increasing  scarcity  of  land  in  large  cities,  howex'cr,  a  demand 
came  for  a  roofing  that  could  be  walked  upon  and  that  would  e\'en  withstand 
considerable  wear  and  tear.  Such  roofs  were  also  required  to  be  smooth  as 
well  as  hard  and  tough  and  clean.  .'\  gravel  roof  could  not  be  made  smooth 
or  kept  clean,  but  the  coal-tar-saturated  felt  and  coal  tar  pitch  roofing, 
protected  with  Nitrified  tiles  laid  in  Portland  cement,  is  both  hard  and  smooth 
and  durable,  and  can  be  kept  scrupulously  clean  at  all  times, 

Tobias  N'cv\'  patented  the  basic  features  of  the  "T  New  Tile  Roof,"  which 
is  the  name  of  the  roofing  we  describe,  and  worked  with  Lewis  \\\  Harrington, 
until  his  death  in  iqo2.  in  endeavoring  to  bring  the  roofing  to  perfection. 
And  iVlr.  Harrington,  of  the  T  New  Construction  Compan\',  has  gone  along 
in  his  footsteps,  improving  on  the  old  ideas  until  he  has  produced  the  roofing 
which  was  selected  for  the  protection  of  the  flat  roof  of  the  Woolworth 
Building. 

38 


'11  IE  ORNAMENTAL  COPPER 
WORK 

Many  of  the  finest  ornamental 
effects  on  the  roof  and  the  tower 
of  the  Woolworth  Building  are  pro- 
duced by  heavy  stamped  sheet  cop- 
per. The  most  elaborate  portion  of 
this  work,  as  regards  design  and 
construction,  is  the  pair  of  flying 
buttresses  and  a  portion  of  the 
octagonal  battery  which  surrounds 
the  upper  part  of  the  tower.  Abo\e 
these  are  eight  windows  surmounted 
with  pointed  arches  and  tall  gables, 
while  additional  small  flying  but- 
tresses, swinging  from  the  tops  of 
the  columns  between  these  win- 
dows, brings  us  to  the  base  of  an 
octagonal  cupola  carrying  a  small 
dome,  terminating  in  a  point  which 
becomes  the  base  of  the  highest  fin. 
Everything  from  the  balcony  up  is 
left  open,  and  the  spaces,  particu- 
larly the  dome,  are  crossed  by  beau- 
tiful and  fanciful  traceries.  In 
speaking  of  this  tracery  and  that 
composing  the  great  amount  of 
cresting  which  stands  upon  the  ridges  of  the  several  roofs,  "Sheet  Metal" 
says:  "One  cannot  help  noting  what  a  great  saving  in  labor  is  accomplished  by 
the  stamping  press,  for,  as  is  known  to  designers,  traceries  are  purely  geomet- 
rical in  design,  consisting  of  regular  curves  the  same  in  both  outline  and  profile, 
and  could,  therefore,  be  made  up  by  cutting  and  forming  (or  mold  raising)." 

The  stamped  metal  work  was  supplied  by  William  J.  Kelly,  of  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.  The  w^ork,  containing  a  vast  amount  of  detailed  elaboration,  was 
executed  with  care  and  judgment  and  will  remain  a  permanent  evidence  of 
what  can  be  accomplished  by  the  stamping  presses  in  the  hands  of  the  skille^l 
workers  employed  by  William  J.  Kelly. 

When  Mr.  Kelly  was  asked  what  his  firm  had  done  he  simply  said:  "The 
work  speaks  for  itself,  but  we  are  more  proud  of  the  modeling  than  the 
actual  mechanical  work,  because  in  a  great  measure  the  success  of  architectural 
stamped  work  depends  upon  the  modeling.  We  convinced  the  architect, 
however,  that  we  understood  even  the  modeling,  and  employed  modelers 
who  were  artists  in  this  particular  work,  and  gradually  we  gained  his  con- 
fidence and  successfully  accomplished  a  stupendous  piece  of  stamping  work 
which  we  are  very  proud  of." 

39 


K^ 


%s 


SrWlPliD  Mill  AL  WOKK     WILLI. \\I  J.  KLLL"! 


7 
3 


^      t 


h^ 


^  wm 


*A%iljj"'^^.  at 


ORNAMENTAL  COPPER— HERRMANN  AND  GRACE  CO. 


THE  GOTHIC 

COPPER-COVERED 

TOWER 

The  tower  of  the 
Woohvorth  Building, 
from  the  fiftieth  floor 
to  the  apex,  or  more 
than  one  hundred  and 
twenty-five  feet,  is 
sheathed  in  copper  of 
a  highly  ornamental 
character.  The  design 
is  strictly  Gothic  and 
in  harmony  with  the 
facades  of  the  building. 

This  beautiful 
work,  together  with 
the  crestings,  the 
domed  windows  from 
the  twenty-eighth  to 
the  thirtieth  stories, 
besides  all  the  roofing 
and  skylights  on  the 
main  roof  and  courts. 


was  e.xecuted  by  Herrmann  6:  Grace  Company,  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

The  members  of  this  firm  are  well-known  men  of  great  experience  in 
this  particular  work  in  the  United  States.  They  have  covered  many  towers 
in  the  large  cities  with  artistic  copper  sheathing,  and  one  of  their  recent  con- 
tracts was  for  covering  the  tower  of  the  Singer  Building,  a  work  of  unusual 
difficulty.  Notwithstanding  their  experience  and  knowledge  of  their  particular 
line  of  work,  they  confess  to  meeting  many  problems  in  fulfilling  the  demands 
of  their  contract  for  coating  the  tower  of  the  Woolworth,  which  ha^l  no 
parallel  in  their  previous  experience,  and  that  special  conditions  hud  to  be 
met  to  enable  them  to  do  the  work  satisfactorily. 

In  the  first  place,  the  Woolworth  tower  is  ten  stories  higher  than  that 
of  the  Singer  Building,  which  meant  that  a  much  greater  wind  pressure 
woukl  ha\c  to  be  contended  with.  This  alone  was  a  serious  consideration; 
but  in  addition  to  this  the  Herrmann  &  Cjrace  Company  found  that  the 
Gothic  design  necessitated  several  thousand  more  parts  of  metal,  and  the 
problem  of  reinforcement  proved  a  difficult  one  to  solve  because  all  the 
bracing  had  to  be  concealed  so  as  not  to  mar  the  general  effect  of  the  design. 

Then  arose  the  question  of  guarding  the  lives  of  the  mechanics  who 
would  do  the  work  over  700  feet  in  the  air  uni.lei-  \aiiablc  wind 
pressures.  It  was  necessary  to  protect  their  lives,  so  well  as  the  lives  ol  the 
public  in  the  streets  below.    Determination  and  splendid  ability,  however 


40 


mastered  the  dilVicLilties.  ScalTokliny  and  OLitri^^ginH  were  made  speeially  to 
meet  tlie  necessities  of  the  case,  and  the  work  proceeded  amid  several  gales 
and  wind  storms  which  often  reached  a  velocity  of  one  hundred  miles  an 
hour,  hut  there  was  neither  accident  to  the  men  nor  disturbance  of  a  single 
piece  of  the  work. 

After  such  an  experience  in  course  of  construction,  there  can  he  little 
doubt  that  the  Gothic  copper-covered  tower  of  the  Woolworth  will  retain 
its  handsome  appearance  for  a  century  or  more,  and  the  Herrmann  &l  Grace 
Company  deserves  high  praise  for  a  great  achie\'emcnt  under  uncommon 
conditions  of  difficulty  without  an  accident. 

GOLD  L!PPER  lOWERS 

In  the  days  of  Nebuchadnezzar  the  great  Babylonian  temple  erected  to 
the  god  Bel,  and  called  the  "Imgur  Bel,"  stood  upon  a  square  of  brick 
measuring  iboo  yards.  The  summit  of  the  temple  was  surrounded  by  a 
figure  of  solid  gold,  forty  feet  high,  representing  the  god  Bel.  This  image 
must  have  weighed  several  tons.  There  was  no  gold  leaf  in  those  days,  when 
the  temples  were  topped  with  golden  images.  Whether  the  vast  expenditure 
in  decorating  temples  with  images  of  solid  gold  was  an  expression  of  devotion 
to  the  paiticular  god  worshipped  there  or  a  means  of  attraction  is  not  known. 

THE  GOLD  ON  THE  WOOLWORTH  TOWER 

The  effect  of  the  gold  amid  subdued  color  effects  on  the  tower  of  the 
Woolworth  is  very  pleasing.  "When  the  day  is  dull  and  things  go  wrong — 
look  up  at  the  WooKvorth  tower  and  smile." 

Although  the  gilding  on  the  tower  was  accomplished  in  the  hot  days  of 
the  summer  months  when  pedestrians  were  sizzling  along  Broadway,  the 
men  dangling  on  the  scaffold  750  feet  above  their  heads  were  manipulating 
delicate  gold  rolls  in  a  wind  blowing  forty  miles  an  hour  at  least.  "How 
did  they  do  it^"  is  a  natural  ciuestion  to  ask,  and  the  answer  is,  "By  sensible 
methods."  All  the  ideas  worth  having  are  coming  to  the  United  States,  and 
the  new  system  of  making  gold  rolls  on  bo-  or  70-foot  lengths,  and  laying 
it  over  the  ornamental  copper  sheet  with  a  machine  which  allowed  for  e\'ery 
curve  or  circle  or  angle  in  the  Gothic  design,  without  puncturing  or  breaking 
the  delicate  rolls  of  precious  metal  in  any  way,  is  an  idea  which  has  come 
to  remain.  The  old  method  of  laying  small  'eaves  3.^8  inches  square  would 
not  have  been  practical  in  a  gale  of  wind.  It  is  really  practical  only  in  an 
enclosed  strip  for  small  signs. 

The  tower's  copper  sheeting  of  beautiful  Gothic  design  was  laid  some 
months  earlier,  when  winds  w  ere  blow  ing  fifty  to  a  hundred  miles  an  hour, 
but  the  metal  was  heavier,  thicker  and  handled  with  less  difficulty  than  the 
gold  which  was  to  make  it  beautiful.  The  atmosphere  had  tarnished  the 
copper  and  it  was  necessary  to  clean  it  before  the  gold  could  be  laid  upon  it. 
Acetic  acid  and  a  special  cleaning  pow  der  were  used  to  prepare  it  for  pure  gold, 
but  the  cleansing  and  painting  were  accomplished  notwithstanding  the  gales 

41 


of  wind,  and  the  gold  was  carefully  unwound  for  the  machine  and  laid  on 
the  angles  and  curves  of  the  ornaments  to  the  extent  of  40,000  square  feet. 

Forty  men  were  employed  for  four  months  in  gilding  with  pure  gold 
the  top  of  the  Woolworth  tower — one  month  less  than  the  contract  called 
for  and  at  least  eight  months  less  than  it  would  have  taken  to  lay  gold 
leaves  on  the  old  plan,  even  if  that  could  have  been  done  at  all. 

This  work,  which  is  so  satisfactory  to  all  concerned,  was  executed  by  the 
American  Roll  Gold  Leaf  Company,  of  Providence.  Rhode  Island. 

.A  WORD  FOR  THE  SCAFFOLDING 

Nothing  is  more  reasonable  than  to  allow  that  contractors  and  builders 
generally  would  look  to  the  safety  and  comfort  of  the  men  employed  in  the 
woi-k  of  constructing  a  great  building  like  the  Woolworth. 

Scaffolding,  whether  for  the  fifth  or  the  fiftieth  floor,  is  an  all  important 
consideration,  and  only  such  as  had  been  proved,  beyond  all  question,  to  be 
absolutely  safe  and  easily  adjusted  was  taken  into  consideration  by  the 
general  contractors  for  the  Woolworth.  The  reputation  of  the  builders  of 
safe  scaffolding  also  was  carefully  weighed.  Finally,  after  incisive  investiga- 
tion, testing  and  examination,  two  manufacturers  of  scaffolding  were  chosen. 
These  were  the  Patent  Scaffolding  Company,  of  New  York  City  and  Chicago, 
and  the  Chesebro-Whitman  Company,  of  New  York  City. 

The  Patent  Scaffolding  Company  installed  mechanical  appliances  for  the 
control  of  the  suspended  platforms  upon  which  many  li\'es  depended  in  the 
exterior  brick  and  iron  work  of  the  building. 

When  the  great  height  of  the  building  is  contemplated  in  connection 
with  the  terrific  wind  of  late  fall  and  winter,  when  the  scaffolding  did  its 
work,  the  superiority  of  the  machinery  and  platforms  will  be  understood. 
No  accident  occurred  and  not  a  life  was  lost.  This  is  a  praiseworthy  reputa- 
tion for  the  scaffolding  of  the  Patent  Scaffolding  Company,  which  deservedly 
received  the  "Scientific  .American"  gold  medal,  awarded  by  the  American 
Museum  of  Safety.  November  21.  iqio. 

The  Chesebro-Whitman  Company,  of  Sixty-fourth  Street  and  First  Avenue. 
New  York  City,  built  the  scaffolds  around  the  tower  and  mansard  roofs  when 
it  was  determined  that  these  roofs  and  the  tower  should  be  decorated  in  gold. 
In  this  construction  their  men  worked  no  less  than  eight  hundred  feet  above 
Broadway,  when  vibration  and  elasticity  against  wind  stresses  were  tested 
to  the  uttermost,  but  their  work  was  accomplished  in  a  masterly  manner, 
and  with  their  co-workers,  the  F^atent  Scaffolding  Company,  they  could  well 
boast  of  having  no  accident,  or  lives  to  mourn. 

The  hoisting,  assembling  and  taking  down  of  the  scaffolding,  after  the 
building  was  occupied  with  tenants  and  hundreds  of  people  were  visiting 
the  tower  daily,  was  an  arduous  undertaking.  Only  expert  and  careful  men 
could  have  accomplished  the  work  without  accident.  This  is  only  a  fair  state- 
ment and  no  fulsome  praise,  and  is  borne  out  by  the  fact  that  not  a  single 
complaint  is  on  record. 

41 


I. 


I'M!  f-  ^- 1'^ 

'   sir  ?"  -•!   'si 

35  III  "    "" 


1% 


_^^^ f?  4ti 

"ill  IIP' 

Ii  nut" — fLiUji 

T^i  iHFr 

II  III  !l  !!  '"-^ 
^  II  III  II  JET«  '^ 

Irriifiijswsjrifififfffffiffi 


GOLDLEAF  ON  ROOF  AND  TOWER-AMI-RICAN  ROLL  GOLD  LEAF 


CO. 


bLlJ'L.MjLlJ  I  L.AIFORMS— PATENT  SCAFFOLDING   CO. 


SCAFFOLDING  -CI  lliSEBRO-WI  il  IMAN  CO. 


Scaffolding  and  its  safety  is  all  important  in  the  construction  of  the 
great  buildings  of  these  modern  days.  Human  lives  and  their  safety  are 
more  worthy  consideration  than  building  construction,  and  neither  owners, 
architects  nor  contractors  can  afford  to  Jeopardize  the  men  who  make  their 
ideals  a  realization.  1  he  firms  which  built  the  Woolworth  scaffolding  have 
gained  a  reputation  they  deserve  for  building  safe  scaffolding. 

SELECTfON  OF    THE  ELEVATOR  SYSTEM 

It  was  considered  fitting  that  a  buikling  of  such  architectural  excellence 
and  completeness  as  the  Woolworth  should  be  pi-o\ided  w  ith  the  most  modern 
transportation  facilities.  With  a  view  to  selecting  the  best,  all  the  different 
elevator  systems  in  use  were  carefully  investigated  and  tested,  having  in 
mind  the  extraordinary  height  of  this  building,  as  well  as  the  many  floors 
to  be  served.  As  a  result  of  this  investigation,  in  which  safety,  reliability, 
speed  and  simplicity  were  paramount  to  e\cry  other  consideration,  the 
contract  for  the  entire  equipment  was  awarded  to  the  Otis  Elevator  Com- 
pany of  New  York. 

"Safety  first"  was  the  motto  of  the  buildei's  of  this  gi'eat  structure,  and 
in  particular  did  this  apply  to  the  elevators.  During  the  last  few  years 
accidents  resulting  in  personal  injury,  due  to  faulty  elevator  mechanism, 
have  been  very  rare.  Nevertheless,  every  precaution  was  taken  to  make  the 
Woolworth  ele\ators  absolutely  safe.  They  were  equipped  with  the  most 
impro\ed  mechanical  safety  devices.  All  the  shafts,  too,  were  equipped  with 
air  cushions,  which  ha\e  been  pro\'ed  time  and  time  again  to  be  absolutely 
reliable.  Not  long  ago,  when  severe  tests  weix"  made,  a  car  was  allowed  to 
fall  from  the  twentieth  story  of  the  Empire  Building  in  New  York,  and  a 
basket  of  eggs  which  it  contained  was  entirely  uninjured  when  the  car  was 
checked  in  its  downward  flight  by  the  air  cushions. 

To  a  very  large  extent  the  success  of  the  modern  high  office  building  as 
a  paying  investment  mtist  depend  upon  its  elevator  service.  Every  floor 
must  be  I'eadily  accessible  and  must  be  reached  in  the  shortest  possible  time. 
During  business  hours  time  is  too  valuable  to  be  wasted  in  waiting  long  for 
an  elevator,  or  in  spending  ten,  or  even  five,  minutes  in  reaching  a  floor 
which  should  be  reached  in  as  many  seconds.  This  problem  of  quick  ser\'ice 
was  very  carefully  studied  and  the  elevator  installation  planned  to  give  the 
best  results. 

INSTALLATION  OF  OTIS  ELEVATORS 

The  elevator  equipment,  which  is  the  most  important  part  of  the  mechanical 
equipment  of  the  building,  consists  of  twenty-nine  Otis  Electric  Elevators. 
Of  these,  twenty-seven  are  for  the  use  of  the  public,  seven  serving  the  tower, 
and  twenty  the  main  building.  In  addition,  there  is  an  automatic  push- 
button elevator  for  the  private  use  of  the  Irving  National  Bank,  and  an 
ash  lift  which  runs  from  the  sub-basement  to  the  sidewalk. 

45 


I  WUNTY-NINli  OTIS  lilJiC  1  RIC  IXEVA  lORb 


Of  the  seven  elevatoi's  in  the  tower,  two  iTin  to  the  filty-thlixl  (loor,  two 
to  the  lorty-se\enth  floor  and  two  to  the  fortieth  floor.  These  six  elevators 
have  a  maximum  capacity  of  3000  pounds,  and  are  designed  to  operate  at  a 
speed  of  700  feet  per  minute  with  a  load  of  2500  pounds — the  fastest  service 
given  by  any  electric  passenger  cle\ator  in  the  world.  One  of  the  elevators 
which  serves  the  fifty-fourth  floor  has  an  additional  capacity  of  6,000  pounds 
for  lifting  safes  or  other  heavy  loads.  The  seventh  tower  elevator  is  a 
shuttle  elevator,  which  carries  passengers  from  the  fifty-third  floor  to  the 
observation  station  of  the  tower  and  runs  at  a  speed  of  200  feet  per  minute 
with  a  load  of  i  500  pounds. 

In  the  main  part  of  the  building,  two  of  the  elevators  rise  from  the  sub- 
basement  to  the  twenty-seventh  floor,  twelve  from  the  basement  to  the 
twenty-se\'enth  floor,  and  foui"  from  the  first  floor  to  the  twelfth  flooi'.  All 
are  passenger  elevators,  with  a  maximum  capacity  of  3000  pounds,  and  are 
designed  to  operate  at  a  speed  of  boo  feet  per  minute  with  a  load  of  2500 
pounds.  The  other  two  main  building  ele\ators  are  combined  passenger  and 
freight  machines  which  rise  from  the  basement  to  the  twenty-eighth  floor, 
operating  at  a  speed  of  550  feet  per  minute  with  a  load  of  3000  pounds,  or 
at  a  speed  of  350  feet  per  minute  with  a  load  of  4000  pounds.  These  also 
have  an  additional  capacity  of  booo  pounds  for  lifting  safes  and  other  loads. 

The  two  elevators  serving  the  fifty-third  floor  travel  to  a  height  of  bjq 

feet  b  inches,  which  is  the  highest  travel  by  any  single  passenger  elevator  in 

existence, 

SAFETY  DEVfCES  ON  ELEVATORS 

All  the  elevators  are  equipped  w  ith  a  complete  system  of  safety  devices, 
and  including  air  cushions  which  will  bring  the  cars  gradually  to  rest  at  the 
bottom  of  the  hatchways,  in  case  of  a  drop  even  from  the  top  of  the  shaft. 

As  this  was  the  first  time  that  air  cushions  were  to  be  used  on  eIe\ators 
travelling  fifty  or  more  stories,  every  precaution  was  naturally  taken  to 
make  them  perfect.  The  air  cushion  being  approximately  one-fifth  of  the 
height  of  the  shaft,  it  meant  that  the  enclosure  doors  on  the  lower  eleven 
floors  of  the  high  rise  elevators  would  have  to  be  heavy  enough  to  withstand 
the  air  pressure  developed  in  case  the  car  fell  from  the  top.  As  manual 
operation  of  these  doors  was  out  of  the  question  on  account  of  the  weight, 
the  architect  asked  the  Burdett-Rowntree  Manufacturing  Company  to  solve 
the  problem,  believing  that  their  broad  experience  in  equipping  all  types 
and  weights  of  sliding  and  lifting  elevator  doors  w ith  pneumatic  operating 
devices  would  guarantee  the  successful  solution. 

Tests  were  made  and  a  special  pneumatic  device  manufactured,  and  the 
satisfactory  manner  in  which  all  the  one  hundred  and  twenty-four  air  cushion 
doors  are  operating  is  evidence  of  good  reasoning  in  selecting  the  Burdett- 
Rowntree  Manufacturing  Company  for  this  part  of  the  work.  To  reduce  the 
cost  of  maintenance  of  the  operating  devices  so  far  as  possible,  this  company 
installed  an  automatic  lubricating  system  whereby  all  the  devices  are  lubri- 
cated through  the  medium  of  the  air  from  one  point. 


LOWER  BROADWAY'  AN  D  1  M I    1  .  \  i 


!■■  Ill    I  '  'W  !    I' 


The  Architect  desired  that  the  Burdett-Rowntree  Manufacturing  Company 
should  assume  the  responsibility  for  as  much  as  possible  of  the  working  of 
the  air  cushion  doors,  and  therefore,  in  addition  to  the  pneumatic  door 
operating  devices,  they  manufactured  and  installed  the  special  door  hangers 
and  adjustable  interlock  switches  and  hung  all  of  the  air  cushion  doors. 

A  unique  system  has  been  designed  for  dispatching  the  elex'ators  and 
regulating  the  schedule  and  general  service.  The  dispatcher  is  located  in  an 
isolated  room,  and  by  means  of  a  position  indicator  is  able  to  follow  the 
progress  of  each  elevator  in  the  building.  These  indicators  consist  of  a 
series  of  miniature  lamps  corresponding  to  the  different  floors  served  by  each 
elevator,  and  as  a  car  reaches  a  floor  the  fact  is  known  to  the  dispatcher  by 
the  lighting  of  the  corresponding  lamp. 

Automatic  starting  signals  are  placed  at  the  terminal  landings  and  a 
buzzer  signal  is  fixed  in  each  car. 

in  order  that  the  dispatcher  niay  communicate  with  the  opei'ator,  tele- 
phones have  been  provided.  These  are  so  arranged  that  they  may  be  operated 
from  either  end  of  the  line,  or  from  the  dispatching  room  only. 

1  he  telephone  instrument  in  the  car  is  provicied  with  a  loud-speaking 
transmitter  which  magnifies  the  voice  tones  and  enables  the  operator  to 
receive  telephoned  instruction' while  the  car  is  in  operation. 

The  public  signals  consist  of  the  Armstrong  I'ull  ITish  Tv  pc,  ha\  ing  the 
up  and  down  lamps  at  each  floor.  In  addition  to  these,  for  each  group  of 
elevators,  there  is  an  electric  sign  to  indicate  the  character  of  the  service. 

48 


whether  express  or  local,  and  the  floors  which  are  being  served.  These  signs 
are  operated  electrically  and  can  be  controlled  and  changed  from  the  dis- 
patcher's station. 

Nothing  has  been  spared  to  make  this  the  most  complete  elevator  installa- 
tion in  the  world,  and  to  give  to  the  public  and  the  tenants  of  the  building 
the  best  elevator  service  possible. 

ELEVATOR  SIGNALS  AND  AUXILLXRY  DEVICES 

The  large  number  of  high-speed  elevators  in  the  Woolworth  Building, 
while  a  fundamental  necessity,  by  no  means  solve  in  themselves  the  problems 
involved;  and  they  would  fall  far  short  of  the  duty  demanded  of  them  but 
for  the  elaborate  system  of  elexator  signals  and  au.xiliary  devices  provided 
after  careful  study  and  experiment  by  the  architect,  consulting  engineers  and 
contractor. 

The  results  attained  are  perfect  ele\'ator  service,  controlled  from  one 
central  station  instead  of  through  several  starters  stationed  at  different 
points  on  the  ground  floor;  efficient  and  economical  operation  of  the  elevators 
through  the  system  of  signals  and  signs  whereby  false  stops  are  eliminated 
and  delay  in  waiting  for  passengers  at  the  floors  is  avoided;  absolute  safety 
to  passengers  ensured,  whether  entering  or  leaving  the  ele\atoi-s,  through  the 
installation  of  the  Norton  device,  which  automatically  closes  and  locks  the 
doors  and  prevents  all  movement  of  the  car  until  the  door  is  closed. 

The  signals  and  various  devices  through  which  these  results  are  accom- 
plished ma\'  be  mentioned  briefly,  as  follows; 

The  passenger  elevators,  twenty-four  in  number,  are  equipped  throughout 
with  the  Armstrong  Flashlight  Signal  System,  embracing  the  usual  "Up 
Down"  lanterns  at  the  floors,  through  w  hich  the  waiting  passenger  is  directed 
promptly  to  the  first  approaching  car;  "Up  Down"  push  buttons  at  the 
floors,  whereby  the  operator  is  given  timely  signal  to  stop,  and  which  signal 
is  automatically  carried  to  the  ne.xt  car  in  the  e\ent  of  his  inability  to  stop 
by  reason  of  a  "full  car"  or  other  cause.  Signals  of  special  design  are  pro- 
vided for  two  high-rise  cars  for  night  service.  Directional  signs  are  also 
provided,  designating  the  travel  of  the  elevators  and  showing  plainly  to  the 
public  their  travel  in  respect  to  express  or  local  ser\ice.  The  elevators  are 
also  equipped  with  illuminated  "thresholds,"  a  valuable  factor  of  safety, 
inasmuch  as  the  passenger  is  enabled  to  see  clearly  where  he  is  stepping 
v\hen  entering  the  car  and  is  not  liable  to  stumble. 

All  the  ele\ators  are  controlled,  as  has  been  mentioned,  from  one  central 
station.  This  dispatcher's  station  is  located  on  the  main  floor  balcony  and 
is  provided  with  a  Position  Indicator  Lamp  Board,  showing  b\'  miniature 
lamps  the  exact  position  of  all  the  cars;  a  telephone  s\stem  extending  to 
all  the  cars  and  establishing  communication  between  the  dispatcher  and 
operators  at  all  times  and  regardless  of  the  position  of  the  car;  motor-dri\en 
Automatic  Timing  Devices,  ringing  bells  and  buzzers  at  the  top  and  bottom 

49 


DlbPAlU  lliR  S~lbrEM~ELEVATOR  SUPPLI'  AND  REPAIR  CO, 


of  the  elevator  hatchways  for  starting  the  cars  at  predetermined  intervals: 
motor  generators,  storage  batteries,  and  equipment  complete  in  e\-ery  detail 
for  the  control  of  all  the  cars  by  one  dispatcher. 

In  providing  means  for  automatically  starting  the  cars  from  either  terminus 
and  of  transferring  the  signal  to  the  next  approaching  car  when  the  car 
originally  signalled  does  not  stop,  and  means  whereby  the  dispatcher  and 
his  operators  are  in  full  communication  at  all  times,  the  greatest  source  of 
delay  in  elevator  service  has  been  overcome. 

The  records  of  the  liability  companies  show  that  eight\-fi\e  per  cent,  of 
all  accidents  to  the  public  in  connection  with  elevator  service  are  what  they 
classify  as  "'door  accidents,"  or  those  due  to  unlocked  doors  or  which  occtir 
while  the  passengers  are  attempting  to  board  or  leave  the  elevators.  The 
elevators  in  the  Woolworth  Building  are  equipped  with  the  Norton  Elevator 
Door  Closer,  a  de\'icc  that  absolutely  prevents  the  possibility  of  accidents 
of  the  class  cited.  W  ith  this  device  the  door  is  opened  manualK  b\  the 
operator  in  the  usual  manner;  when  released,  it  closes  automatically,  w  ithout 
noise,  and  locks.  By  an  electric  switch  arrangement  the  controlling  circuit 
of  the  elevator  is  broken  while  the  door  is  open,  and  all  motion  of  the  car  is 
automatically  and  positively  prevented  until  the  door  is  closed.  Carelessness 
or  confusion  on  the  operator's  part  is  thus  rendered  harmless  to  the  safet\' 
of  the  passenger.  1  he  elevator  signals  and  auxiliary  devices  herein  described 
were  furnished  and  installed  by  the  lilcvator  Supply  &  Rcpaii'  C"onipan\-.  of 
New  Yoik  and  Chicago. 

50 


THE  PLLMBING  FOR  WATER  SUPPLY  AND  DRAINAGE 

The  plumbing  work,  water  supply  and  drainage  system  was  installed  by 
the  W.  G.  Cornell  Company,  New  York,  Boston,  Baltimore  and  Washington, 
and  represents  the  most  modern  appliances  and  expert  workmanship.  There 
are  approximately  forty-three  miles  of  pipe  and  two  thousan^l  plumbing 
fixtures  in  the  building,  and  many  novel  but  practical  ideas  were  employed 
to  make  the  water  supply  system  and  apparatus  as  substantial  and  useful 
as  the  building  itself. 

The  rain-water  drainage  system  is  entirely  separate  from  sewage  drains, 
thereby  preventing  overflows  and  flooding  of  the  building  in  case  of  stoppage 
of  any  of  the  pipes.  A  system  of  house  supply  tanks  on  different  levels,  each 
supplying  a  certain  number  of  floors,  equalizes  the  water  pressure  at  the 
fixture  outlets  and  prevents  excessive  pressure  at  any  one  point.  The  house 
supply  tanks  are  located  on  the  fourteenth,  twenty-seventh,  thirty-seventh, 
fift\-third  and  fift\-sixth  floors  and  are  in  duplicate.  The  water-closets  and 
urinals  are  supplied  from  the  house  tanks  and  pumps  on  a  system  entirely 
separate  from  the  tanks  and  pumps  which  supply  the  other  plumbing  fixtures. 
There  are  separate  water  supply  connections  from  the  city  mains  in  the 
streets  on  the  three  sides  of  the  building;  also  a  separate  supply  from  the 
street  direct  to  the  fire-pump.  This  insures  an  ample  supply  of  water  at  all 
times.  In  case  any  one  or  any  two  mains  in  the  street  are  shut  oft  by  the 
Water  Department  there  is  still  a  plentiful  supply  of  water.  The  total  storage 
capacity  of  the  thirteen  tanks  in  the  building  is  88,000  gallons,  all  which  is 
available  in  case  of  fire.  The  watei"  in  the  swimming  pool,  about  42,000  gal- 
lons, is  also  available  for  fire  purposes,  having  a  connection  from  the  fire- 
pump  direct  to  the  pool,  which  can  be  used  in  case  of  emergency. 

A  system  of  double  water  filters  of  ample  size  and  capacity  filters  elfecti\ely 
all  the  water  used.  There  are  fi\e  water  pumps  to  supply  the  house  and  fire 
tanks  and,  in  addition,  one  20x0x18  fire  pump,  which  is  guaranteed  to  deliver 
500  gallons  of  water  a  minute  at  the  topmost  point  of  the  tower,  or  approxi- 
mately, eight  hundred  feet  abo\e  the  pump  room. 

Twelve  hot-water  heaters  and  their  piping  are  so  arranged  as  to  divide 
the  hot-water  supply  for  plumbing  fixtures  into  sections,  thereby  equalizing 
the  pressure  and  flow  at  the  faucets  and  insui'ing  hot  water  in  abundance  at 
all  times. 

All  the  drain  pipes  are  made  of  extra  heavy  galvanized  wrought  iron, 
with  galvanized  malleable,  screwed,  drainage  fittings.  The  pump  discharge 
pipes  and  fire  standpipes  are  of  extra  heavy,  galvanized,  malleable  hydraulic 
fittings.  The  hot-water  piping  and  inaccessible  cold-water  supply  piping  is 
of  annealed  brass.  The  best  materials  were  used  because  strength  and  dura- 
bility as  well  as  usefulness  were  the  first  considerations.  .A  duplicate  sewage 
and  ejector  plant,  operated  by  compressed  air.  controls  the  plumbing  fixtures, 
which  are  located  below  the  level  of  the  public  sewer  in  the  street. 

51 


Special  arrangements  allow  for  the  expansion  and  contraction  of  all 
pipes  and  other  unforeseen  emergencies.  Separate  drains  from  the  kitchen 
fixtures  keep  grease  out  of  the  general  drainage  system.  There  is  a  special 
arrangement  of  alarm  bells  to  inform  the  engineers  v\hen  the  house  tanks 
are  empty  or  full.  There  are  six  fire-hose  outlets,  with  400  feet  of  hose  and 
valve  on  each  floor  in  the  fire  standpipe  system.  In  the  basement  there  is  a 
large  swimming  pool,  supplied  with  filtered  water,  showers  and  other  up-to- 
date  bathing  appliances.  There  is  a  hot-water  heater  for  pool  duty  alone 
and  another  one  for  the  shower  alone,  thus  insuring  water  at  proper  tempera- 
ture for  both.  The  bathing  establishment  has  its  ov\n  independent  system  of 
filters. 

The  plumbing  fixtures  are  of  "\  itreous"  ware  and  porcelain,  and  the 
toilet  rooms  are  wainscoted  with  Carrara  glass  to  a  height  of  eight  feet,  so 
that  the  sanitary  conditions  are  as  nearly  perfect  as  possible. 

THE  PIPES  IN  THE  WATER  SYSTEM 

Under  present  day  conditions  of  living  there  is  no  part  of  a  building 
more  important  than  the  pkimbing  and  uater  supply  system.  In  fact  there 
is  nothing  of  ec|ual  importance,  for  in  the  final  analysis,  a  building  without 
a  water  and  plumbing  supply  system  is  useless.  In  beauty  and  stateliness 
of  design  a  building  may  express  the  highest  order  of  genius  in  architecture; 
in  strength  and  in  appliances  for  safety  and  convenience  it  may  represent 
the  last  word  in  the  science  of  mechanical  engineering;  in  construction  it  may 
be  an  example  of  the  highest  skill  in  all  the  crafts;  but,  it  will  stand  a  useless 
pile  of  brick  and  stone  and  iron  entirely  uninhabitable,  without  an  adequate 
water  and  plumbing  system. 

The  plumbing  system  in  turn  is  dependent  on  the  pipe  which  carries  the 
water  to  and  drains  it  from  the  system.  Hence  the  quality  of  the  pipe  is  of 
great  importance.  Pipe  of  inferior  quality  deteriorates  quite  rapidly  and 
very  soon  becomes  not  only  a  cause  of  continual  expense  for  repairs,  but  also, 
under  some  conditions,  a  menace  to  health.  Therefore,  those  to  whose  skill 
and  care  were  entrusted  the  designing  and  installing  of  the  water  and  plumb- 
ing system  for  the  Woolworth  Building,  having  had  a  long  and  wide  experience, 
were  very  particular  in  regard  to  pipe. 

All  the  pipe  was  furnished  by  E.  F.  Keating  Company,  New  "V'ork,  and  it  is 
the  best  that  can  be  made.  It  is  strictly  genuine  wrought  iron,  all  ma^k-  from 
straight  pig  muck-bar,  and  all  sizes  larger  than  i^i  inches  were  made  lap- 
welded.  All  this  pipe  is  galvanized.  The  soil,  vent,  leader  and  low  pressure 
lines  are  of  standard  weight  pipe,  the  high  pressure  lines  of  extra  heavy. 
Before  being  delivered  to  the  building,  each  and  every  length  was  subjected 
to  a  hydrostatic  pressure,  the  standard  to  1000  pounds  and  the  extra  heavy  to 
1 500  pounds  per  square  inch.  After  being  cut,  fitted  and  installed  in  position, 
it  was  again  subjected  to  pressure  tests.  In  the  case  of  the  stand  pipes  for 
fire  protection,  this  test  was  at  the  greatest  pressure  which  fire  pumps  could 

5i 


develop;  this  forced  the  water  through  these  stand  pipes  high  above  the  top 
of  the  building,  which  is  about  850  feet  in  height.  Notwithstanding  this 
series  of  very  severe  tests,  not  a  single  length  of  pipe  gave  way,  not  a  joint 
leaked,  and  there  are  more  than  40  miles  of  pipe. 

While  the  foregoing  brief  description  outlines  what  the  pipe  in  the  building 
is  now,  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  pipe  of  this  quality  furnished  by  the  E. 
F.  Keating  Company  thirty  years  ago  is  not  only  still  in  use  to-day,  but 
shows  no  signs  of  deterioration.  ' 

WELLS  FOR  WATER  SUPPLY 

Phillips  &  Worthington  during  the  course  of  construction  of  the  building 
drilled  an  8-inch  diameter  well  to  a  depth  of  1538  feet  below  curb,  .and 
installed  an  8-inch  diameter  driven  or  screen  well  in  the  water-bearing  sand 
and  gravel  above  the  rock.  This  well  is  designed  to  serve  a  double  purpose. 
It  may  be  used  for  a  water  supply  or  to  lower  the  ground  water  level  at  any 
time,  thereby  insuring  a  perfectly  dry  cellar. 

THE  WATER  FILTERS 

The  entire  water  supply  of  this  great  building  is  made  clean  and  safe  for 
all  uses  by  Loomis-Manning  Filters.  The  filter  plant  is  divided  into  two  or 
three  parts,  each  supplying  certain  sections  of  the  building.  An  unusual 
feature  is  the  installation  of  two  large  filters  to  filter  the  wash  water  from 
the  other  filters  of  the  plant.  This  cleansed  wash  water  is  discharged  into  a 
tank  and  used  for  flushing  and  other  similar  purposes.  The  swimming  pool 
is  provided  with  two  large  double  cylinder  filters  to  make  the  water  attracti\T 
and  safe. 

The  filters  themselves,  with  the  exception  of  those  for  filtering  the  wash 
water,  are  all  of  double  cylinder  type,  providing  double  filtration  and  making 
it  certain  that  the  water  shall  not  only  be  clean  and  safe,  but  free  from  any 
odor  or  taste  that  may  be  present  in  the  "raw"  water  at  any  time.  In  con- 
struction the  filters  are  the  standard  cast  iron  Loomis-Manning  filters  and 
are  built  in  sections  so  that  they  may  be  easily  taken  apart  for  renewals  or 
repairs,  and  may  be  readily  handled  in  close  quarters.  The  cast  iron  construc- 
tion means  that  the  life  of  the  filters  is  the  maximum. 

Each  filter  cylinder  is  equipped  with  a  solid  bronze  Manning  Single 
Controlling  Valve,  so  that  it  may  be  easily  and  accurately  operated  and 
controlled.  The  movement  of  the  one  lever  operating  this  valve  causes  the 
filter  to  be  flushed  and  cleansed  from  all  the  impurities  that  have  accumulated 
and  this  is  done  with  the  greatest  ease  and  the  least  waste  of  water  on  account 
of  the  accurate  control  and  the  sight  glass  on  the  waste  line  through  which 
the  cleansing  process  is  watched. 

These  filters  are  built  so  that  none  of  the  filtering  material  can  escape 
either  with  the  filtered  water  into  pumps,  house  lines,  etc.,  or  out  through 
the  waste  when  the  filter  is  being  washed.   The  filter  beds  are  uniform  grades 

53 


WATER  FILTERS-LOOMIS-MANNING  FILTER 
DISTRIBUTING  CO  .  PHILADELPHIA 


of  specially  selected  and  pre- 
pared material.  Neither 
i^ravel  nor  other  heavy  sub- 
stances are  used,  because 
they  are  too  coarse  and 
hea\'y  to  be  properly 
washed.  Each  time  the  fil- 
ters are  washed  the  beds  are 
agitated  and  cleansed  from 
top  to  bottom,  and  con- 
sequently they  are  kept  in 
efficient  condition  for  long 
periods,  often  as  long  as 
eight,  ten  or  twelve  years 
with  no  renewals  or  replace- 
ments. The  filter  beds  actu- 
ally filter  from  top  to  bot- 
tom because  the  beds  are  of 
the  same  uniform  grade  throughout.  All  these  points  combine  to  produce 
a  filter  plant  which  is  durable  and  lasting,  is  operated  with  the  least  expendi- 
ture of  time  and  consumption  of  water  for  washing,  and  is  thoroughly  efficient 
in  operation.  In  short,  it  is  a  plant  which  is  in  conformity'  with  the  high 
standard  of  this  splendid  building. 

Regarding  the  \alue  of  clean,  sale  water  in  such  a  building,  it  is  well  to 
consider  for  a  moment  the  expense  that  would  be  caused  by  mud  gradually 
clogging  pipes,  if  the  water  were  unfiltered;  the  extra  janitor  force  required 
to  keep  handsome  plumbing  fixtures  bright  and  clean,  if  the  water  were 
dirty;  the  washers  and  faucets  that  would  be  cut  if  there  were  grit  in  the 
water;  besides  the  extra  cleaning  and  coal  consumption  caused  by  mud 
scale  in  the  boilers.  Undoubtedly,  clean,  safe  water  adds  greatly  in  making 
a  building  attractive  to  tenants  or  prospectixe  tenants.  Moreo\er  the  filter 
plant  of  the  Woolworth  is  a  safeguard  to  the  great  mechanical  and  plumbing 
equipment  of  the  building;  it  is  a  good  "talking  point"  in  renting  the  offices 
because  it  ensures  the  tenants  water  which  they  must  delight  in  using. 

THE  ELECriRlCJXL  ENERCiY  F-Cm  MclHIS  .AND  ELEV,.\TORS 

The  electrical  energy  for  the  lights,  ele\ators  and  miscellaneous  motors 
is  furnished  by  two  500-,  one  300-  and  one  200-kilowatt  direct  current  gen- 
erators connected  to  four  Rice  &  Sargent  horizontal,  tandem  comi^ound.  non- 
condensing  engines  as  designed  and  built  by  the  Proxidencc  lingineering 
Works.  Providence.  R.  1.;  the  exhaust  steam  being  used  to  heat  the  building 
during  the  heating  season.  The  engines  arc  of  the  C^oiii.ss  oi'  releasing  gear 
type  with  uniciue  valve  gear  construction.  The  v\rist  plate  so  common  to 
the  Corliss  type  of  engine  is  dispensed  with  and  a  straight  line  motion 
substituted  which  operates  the  \aKes  direct  from  ihc  ccccnliics. 


54 


RICU-SARGLN  I  liNOINLb-l'ROVIDliNCl:.  ENGINHHRINX.,  WORKS 

The  engines  operate  on  a  combined  power  and  ligiiting  load  witiiout  tine 
medium  of  storage  batteries;  the  flexibility  of  the  governor  and  valve  gear 
compensating  for  the  large  fluctuations  in  the  load  due  to  the  elevators.  An 
automatic  safety  stop  motion,  whose  operation  is  independent  of  the  governor, 
is  provided  and  also  arranged  for  electric  control  from  remote  stations  to 
shut  down  the  engines  in  case  of  emergency. 

The  engine  foundations  are  isolated  from  each  other  and  from  the  struc- 
tural work  of  the  main  building.  While  the  engines  are  in  perfect  balance  this 
measure  is  a  precautionary  one  only,  and  is  done  to  eliminate  all  chances  of 
vibration.  Steam  is  supplied  to  the  cylinders  from  below  the  floor,  rendering 
unnecessary  overhead  piping  with  its  accompanying  disadvantages  as  well 
as  disfigurement  of  the  engine  room. 

In  a  power  plant  of  this  kind  reliability  is  the  chief  requisite,  along  with 
economy,  efficiency,  very  close  regulation  and  operation  free  from  noise  and 
\ibration. 

THE  COPPER  C:.ABLE  C^RIPS 

The  cables  of  copper  w  ires  extending  from  the  basement  of  the  W'oolworth 
Building  to  the  top  floor  and  wherever  lighting  is  necessary  were  tinusually 
heavy,  and  special  fittings  to  hold  them  and  allow  of  their  being  firmly  held, 
or  allowed  to  be  carried  along  if  necessary  without  the  possibility  of  slipping, 
had  to  be  designed  and  made  specially. 


55 


J^ 


The  electric  wiring  was,  of  course,  in  proficient  hands  and  when  the 
necessity  of  special  fittings  which  would  grip  the  cable  at  will  was  evident, 
the  situation  was  outlined  to  Russell  &  StoU,  designers  and  manufacturers 
of  electrical  fittings  and  fixtures,  of  Cliff  Street,  New  York  City. 

After  carefulK-  studying  the  requirements  they  evolved  a  unique  fitting 
w  hich  would  either  hold  the  cable  firmly  in  its 
grasp  or  permit  it  to  pass  up  or  down  as  re- 
quired.   The  following   illustration   will   give 
some  idea  how  the  apparatus  does  its  work. 

A.  The  outer  collar  is  screwed  to  the  pipe 
instead  of  an  outlet  bushing. 

B.  This  point  shows  the  inserts  adapted  to 
the  number  of  cables  to  be  used. 

C.  The  slit  tapered  sleeves  which  grip  the 
cable  D. 

D.  The  cable. 
As  will  be  seen  in  the  illustration,  the  outer 

collar  of  the  support  is  screwed  to  the  pipe,  in- 
stead of  an  outlet  bushing  as  in  other  cable 
supports;  also  that  the  inserts  are  adapted  to 
the  number  of  cables  to  be  used.  Another  im- 
portant feature  is  the  split  tapered  sleeve  which 

grips  the  cable.    The  great  advantage  of  the  fitting  is  its  simple  construction. 
It  cannot  get  out  of  order  and  conti'actors  can  install  it  without  extra  cost. 

THE  HE.ATING  AND  VENTIL.ATION 

The  heating  and  ventilating  plant  in  the  Woolworth  Building  was  built 
in  accordance  with  plans  and  specifications  prepared  by  the  well-known  firm 
of  consulting  engineers,  Nygren,  Tenny  &  Ohmes.  Heating  and  ventilation 
is  their  special  field  of  work,  and  the  unusual  requirements  of  the  great 
Woolworth  Building  made  special  demands  upon  their  resources  and  skill. 
Their  plans  were  undoubtedly  made  with  great  care  and  precision,  and 
executed  under  their  supervision  to  the  entire  satisfaction  of  architect, 
contractors,  ov^ners  and  all  interested. 

There  are  nineteen  C  &  C  electric  motors  installed  in  the  building,  directly 
connected  with  the  fans.  The  motors  were  specially  built  for  the  Woolworth, 
and  a  most  important  feature  is  that  both  the  motors  and  the  entire  appa- 
ratus connected  with  them  are  absolutely  noiseless  in  action.  It  must  be 
conceded  that  "quiet"  is  as  essential  in  business  offices  as  ventilation. 

The  electric  motor  made  possible  and  practicable  the  installation  ot 
blowers  and  fans  in  a  number  of  locations  throughout  the  building  up  to  the 
forty-sixth  floor,  and  these  are  doing  excellent  work  in  supplying  fresh  air 
to  the  building  every  day  of  the  year;  and  notwithstanding  the  number  of 
fittings  and  accessories  the  work  is  done  silently.  Like  all  good  human 
workers  they  do  their  work  well  and  make  no  noi.sc  about  it. 

5t 


VENTILATING  SYSTEM— C,  &  C  ELECTRIC  &  MANUFACTURING  CO. 

It  is  only  fair  to  say  that  ever  since  the  inception  of  mechanical  ventila- 
tion, the  C  &  C  motors  have  been  identified  with  every  ad\ance  made  by 
steam  heating  engineers  in  work  of  this  character. 

The  earliest  installations  of  types  of  motors  originally  applied  to  fans 
and  blowers,  as  the  "Commuted  Field"  and  "Armature  Control,"  have  been 
succeeded  by  the  "All  Field  Control"  motors,  the  type  installed  in  the 
Woolworth  Building.  These  are  manufactured  by  the  C  &  C  Electric  and 
Manufacturing  Company,  of  Garwood,  N.  J.  They  represent  the  most  reliable 
and  economical  design  for  the  purpose  of  driving  fans  and  blowers  in  connec- 
tion with  indirect  heating  systems. 

BOWSER  SYSTEM  OF  OIL  FILTERING  .AND  CIRCUL.ATING 

In  asking  S.  F.  Bowser  &  Company,  of  Fort  Wayne,  Indiana,  to  design 
their  oiling  system,  the  builders  of  the  Woolworth  recognized  that  they  were 
experts  on  the  question  of  lubrication,  and  understood  that  the  successful 
bidders  must  design  anci  erect  a  system  which  they  knew  to  be  efficient; 
that  not  only  one  engine,  but  the  entire  plant,  must  automatically  and 
exactly  be  given  the  oil  it  requires,  and  at  the  same  time  be  free  from  com- 
plicated mechanism  w hich  would  necessarily  invoke  a  great  deal  of  mechanical 
supervision. 

To  meet  these  specifications  a  complete  "Bowser"  Gravity  Oil  Filtering 
and  Circulating  System  was  installed.  All  engine  and  cylinder  oils  are  fed 
to  moving  parts  in  quantities  large  enough  to  reduce  friction  to  the  minimum, 
and  at  the  same  time  to  collect,  purify  and  return  the  oil  so  that  it  can  be 


•il 


View  at 
the  right  of 
engine  room 
showing 
method  of 
concealed  pi- 
ping Not  a 
drop  of  oil  is 
wasted  and 
the  friction  is 
cut  down  to 
the  m  i  n  i  - 
mum.  Every 
working  part 
of  the  ma- 
c  h  i  n c r  V   is 


[HE  BOWSER  GRAVITY  TANKS 

Illustration  to  the  left  shows  the  Bowser 
overhead  gravity  tanks  fitted  with  wall  in- 
dicators and  equipped  with  high  and  low 
level  electrically  operated  alarms.  The  oil 
is  automatically  controlled  by  a  pump 
governor  to  any  level. 

These  o\'erhead  tanks  have  sufficient 
capacity  to  keep  an  entire  plant  supplied 
with  oil  for  eight  hours'  time. 


THE  BOWSER  2  F  4 
FILTER 

The  Bowser  Filter  is  placed 
in  the  basement  below  the  low- 
est bearing  so  that  the  oil  will 
run  to  the  filter  by  gravity. 

First  the  oil  is  heated  and 
separated  from  the  entrained 
water,  which  is  ejected  auto- 
matically; then  the  oil  passes 
over  a  series  of  precipitating 
pans  through  the  filter  section 
and  is  stored  ready  for  use. 

It  is  recognized  by  the  high- 
est engineering  authorities  that 
the  squirt-can-oil-hole  method 
is  antiquated,  wasteful,  dis- 
astrously insufficient  in  supply- 
ing lubricant  and  in  its  in- 
sufficiency causes  shutdowns 
and  delays. 


Hushed  with 
oil — no  part 
is  neglected. 

A  I3owser 
system  of  the 
proper  size 
will  pay  for 
itself  in  its 
saving  of  oil 
alone,  in  a 
compara- 
tively very 
few  months' 
time  and  its 
upkeep  is 
negligible. 


used  o\cr  and  o\er  ay:aln  withoiii  Itj^s  an^l  w  iihoiii  injLiry  to  the  finest  antl 
most  delicate  machinery.  Covered  by  the  "Bowser"  Engine  Oil  Lubricating 
System,  there  are  four  cross-compound  engines,  four  balancer  sets,  one  re- 
frigerating machine  and  nine  ventilating  fans.  The  cylinder  oil  system, 
besides  the  engine  and  refrigerating  machinery,  takes  care  of  24  pumps. 

The  2  F  4  "Bowser"  Oiling  System  used  is  a  regular, 
standard  gravity  outfit  designed  to  purify  80  gallons  of  used 
oil  per  hour.  This  system  consists  of  a  separator  equipped 
with  automatic  water  discharge,  drip  tank  equipped  with 
four  filter  sections,  each  section  having  55  square  feet  of 
filtering  surface,  or  a  combined  filtering  surface  of  220  square 
feet.  The  overhead  gravity  tank  for  engine  oil,  having  a 
storage  capacity  of  400  gallons,  is  equipped  with  wall  indi- 
cator connected  to  high  and  low  level  alarm,  oil  level  in 
this  tank  being  controlled  by  duplicate  steam  pumps  fitted 
with  automatic  goxernors. 

The  cylinder  oil  system  consists  of  an  overhead  gravity- 
with  float  control,  etc.  The  cylinder  oil  system  automatically 
machine,  four  cross-compound  engines,  and  complete  ec|uipment  of  pumps. 

There  is  not  a  tee,  elbow,  or  cross  in  any  of  the  drip  or  return  lines  in  the 
entire  installation,  all  connections  being  made  with  long  bends  and  ground 
joint  unions,  all  piping  terminating  in  accessible  drip  manifolds 
so  that  a  cleaning  cable  can  be  passed  to  any  line  or  branch. 
All  main  branches  to  oil  feeders  are  nickel-plated  copper 
tubing,  and  connections  are  made  with  "Bowser"  swedge 
unions  and  will  never  leak.  The  piping  on  the  engine  oil 
system  alone  involves  more  than  2000  feet.  There  are  four 
two-bowl  oil  fountains,  50  complete  oil  cup  bases  and  a  large 
number  of  other  special  fittings.  ^, 

The  oil  is  received  through  special  fill  boxes, 
stored  in  "Bowser"  tanks,  filtered  in  "Bowser"  systems,  pumped 
with  "Bowser"  pumps  to  "Bowser"  gravity  tanks,  and  fed  to  all 
moving  parts  by  "Bowser"  fittings.  The  price  includes  every 
item,  every  fitting,  every  detail,  ready  to  go  to  work  to  save  money  when 
you  contract  for  a  "Bowser"  system. 


THREE-BOWL  OIL 
F-OUNIAIN 

tank,  equipped 
cares  for  the  ice 


BULL'S-EYE 
OIL  CUP 


HEADER 
FITTING 


DUNHAM  SYSTEM  OF  VACULJK4  STEAM  HEATING 

The  architectural  grandeui'  of  any  building  designed  for  human  occupancy 
would  count  as  naught  were  careful  consideration  not  gi\'en  to  the  more 
homely  details  of  construction  that  contribute  to  that  great  and  powerful 
element  of  human  desire — personal  comfort. 

imagine,  if  you  can,  a  structure  such  as  the  Woolworth  Building  with 
all  of  its  pleasing  effects  of  architecture,  without  some  means  of  providing 
artificial  heat  in  its  many  rooms  during  the  winter  time.  Under  such  con- 
ditions the  mai'ble  hallways,  the  artistic  chandeliers,  and  the  polished  fur- 


59 


nishings  would  absolutely  lose  their  charm,  and  the  occupants  of  the  rooms 
would  forget  the  mission  of  them  in  the  desire  for  a  more  practical  deliverer 
of  real  satisfaction — good  heat,  it's  human  nature  to  stand  with  compara- 
tively good  grace  anything  displeasing  to  the  sense  of  sight,  hut  to  become 
impatient  instantly  when  the  delicate  sense  of  feeling  is  disturbed. 

The  builders  of  the  Woolworth  Building  ol?served  and  heeded  this  quality  of 
human  nature  and  placed  in  their  building,  in  addition  to  beautiful  forms  and 
magnificent  decorations,  a  heating  system  that  has  no  peer  in  the  field  today. 

It  uses  steam  as  the  heating  medium  and  circulates  it  by  means  of  the 
well  known  vacuum  principle  with  de\ices  manufactured  by  the  C.  A.  Dun- 
ham Company,  of  Marshalltown,  Iowa.  In  the  heating  profession  the  system 
is  known  as  the  Dunham  System  of  Vacuum  Steam  Heating. 

It  consists  essentially  of  a 
SI' *^  ill  source  or   steam   supply,    a 

^^^fcL  M  JH^^'  steam  distributing  system  that 

'  '^  SlfS^^ "^^"^^SSS^L  ^   '      ^__  carries  the  steam  to  the  radi- 

I  -^^^^^  — '  iri|E^^MraMBB°P|^BBB     ators,  a  Dunham  radiator  trap 

^^^^^U|^^PB8Hii^H,V^HH^      which  drains  each  radiator  of 

^^^  ^     •'-'^  all  water  of  condensation  and 

I    ^i^S    I  tiii'   without    loss  of  steam,  a 

^^.i^aL/  system  of  return  piping  which 

carries  away  the  water  and  air 
discharged  by  the  trap,  and  a  system  of  pumps  which  performs  the  three- 
fold function  of  producing  a  suction  upon  the  return  piping,  eliminating  the 
air  from  the  system  and  forcing  the  water  of  condensation  back  into  the  boilers 
for  re-evaporation. 

The  Woolworth  Building  by  reason  of  its  tremendous  height  presented 
several  rather  unique  heating  problems.  One  was  to  procure  even  distribution 
of  heat  in  the  highest  stories,  and  another  was  to  properly  care  for  the  ex- 
pansion of  the  piping  that  carried  the  steam  to  these  remote  (looi's.  Both 
of  these  problems  were  met  successfully  by  the  adoption  of  a  system  of  heat- 
ing that  applies  the  vactium  principle  of  induced  circulation.  Steam  is  cir- 
culated into  the  farthest  radiator  quickly  and  without  any  attending  noise. 

The  distinguishing  feature  of  the  system  is  the  small  radiator  trap  that 
connects  between  the  bottom  of  each  radiator  and  the  return  line.  (See 
section  cut  herewith.)  This  little  trap  conserves  the  steam  that  enters  the 
radiator  and  at  the  same  time  keeps  the  i^adiator  free  fi-om  walerof  condensa- 
tion and  air.  Since  the  most  common  cause  of  noise  in  a  system  of  heating 
is  the  accumulation  of  water  and  air  in  the  radiator,  the  importance  and 
worth  of  this  little  device  are  quickly  seen. 

The  heating  department  of  Thomp.son-Starrett  Company  installed  the 
heating  system  for  this  building,  and  the  proper  design,  selection  of  materials 
and  installation  can  be  accredited  to  Wm.  Gordon,  Manager  of  the  Heating 
Department  of  Thomj^son-Starrett  Co.;  L.  E.  liden.  Architect's  Engineer,  and 
Messrs.  Nygrcn,  1  cnny  &  Ohmes,  Consulting  l^ngineers. 

Oo 


VACUUM  CLEANER  S'i'STEM— SPENCER  TURBINE  CLEANER  CO. 
THE  VACUUM  CLEANING  SYSTEM 

The  Vacuum  Cleaner  System  installed  in  the  Woolworth  Building  con- 
sists of  a  turbine  air  exhauster  and  auxiliary  dirt-recei\'ing  tank  in  the  base- 
ment and  the  piping  system  which  ixins  up  thi-ough  the  building  to  the  top. 
inlet  valves  with  spring  covers,  which  automatically  close  when  the  hose  is 
removed,  are  assembled  in  the  piping  system  at  each  floor,  so  that  the  light 
and  flexible  vacutim  cleaning  hose  can  be  quickl\-  and  easily  attached  to  these 
inlet  valves  for  cleaning  purposes. 

The  heart  of  the  system  is  the  vertical  turbine  air  pump,  which  is  dii^ect 
dri\en  by  an  electric  motoi'  mounted  on  top  of  the  turbine.  The  machine  is 
extremely  simple  and  durable  in  construction,  and  the  moxing  element 
consists  of  a  vertical  steel  shaft  on  which  is  mounted  a  series  of  steel  impellers 
or  fans,  and  there  is  a  clearance  of  appi^oximately  ^  inch  between  the  moving 
and  stationarv  elements  which  come  in  contact  onh'  at  the  ball  bearings. 


bi 


In  exhausting  the  air  the  end  thrust  of  the  moving  element  of  the  turbine 
is  upward,  and  this  is  almost  exactly  counterbalanced  by  the  weight,  so 
that  in  reality  there  is  practically  no  thrust  or  strain  up,  down  or  sideways, 
which  makes  a  very  simple  and  efficient  arrangement. 

The  dust  and  dirt  and  litter,  such  as  cigar  and  cigarette  stumps,  are 
sucked  down  through  the  piping  system  to  the  large  auxiliary  dirt-receiving 
tank,  where  this  foreign  matter  is  centrifugally  separated  from  the  air.  The 
vitiated  air  is  then  carried  completely  out  of  the  building  through  the 
smoke-stack,  and  the  cleaning  operation  conforms  to  hygienic  lav\s  throughout. 

Owing  to  the  constant  potential  given  by  a  turbine  type  of  air  exhauster, 
the  vacuum  is  always  maintained  practically  constant,  whether  only  one  or 
the  full  number  of  sweepers  is  in  operation,  and  the  power  consumption  is 
in  proportion  to  the  work  being  done.  The  adx'antage  of  this  constant  potential 
feature  of  the  air  turbine  is  that  after  designing  and  building  a  machine  to 
gi\e  the  proper  vacuum  so  that  the  suction  is  strong  enough  to  do  thorough 
and  rapid  cleaning  and  not  strong  enough  to  injure  carpets  or  rugs,  this 
suction  does  not  vary  at  the  cleaning  tool,  whether  one  or  more  sweepers 
are  in  use. 

Among  the  advantages  claimed  for  this  type  of  vacuum  cleaner  are  that 
it  requires  no  wet  separating  tanks,  no  sewer  connections  and,  being  direct 
dii\en,  it  requires  no  belts,  gears,  or  chains  with  their  resultant  noise  and 
trouble.  Neither  does  it  require  any  mufflers,  sight-feed  oil  cups,  valves  or 
valve  seats. 

The  vacuum  cleaning  system  in  the  W'oolworth  Building  was  installed  by 
the  Spencer  Turbine  Cleaner  Company,  of  Hartfoi'd,  Conn.,  whose  \cw  ^'ork 
office  and  demonstrating  room  is  at  1 182  Broadway, 

PREPARED  FOR  FIRE 

Although  it  would  seem  impossible  that  a  fire  should  ever  occur  in  a 
building  constructed  altogether  of  non-flammable  materials,  it  sometimes 
happens  that  tenants  accidentally  set  fire  to  their  papers  or  anything  else 
of  an  inflammable  nature  which  is  in  their  particular  office.  To  provide 
adequately  for  such  emergencies  six  standpipes,  each  six  inches  in  diameter, 
are  located  conveniently  in  the  stair,  towers  and  corridors.  They  are  so 
arranged  that  any  point  of  any  floor  may  be  reached  with  a  75-foot  length 
of  hose  pipe,  which  has  a  i-inch  standard  nozzle. 

Four  of  the  standpipes  are  located  on  the  thiitieth  floor,  one  on  the 
thirty-fourth  floor  and  one  continued  to  the  top  of  the  lower,  but  hose  con- 
nections to  them  are  on  every  flooi-. 

Upon  the  roof  of  the  main  building  Biamese  hose  connections  are  placed, 
one  to  each  riser,  and  these  continue  up  to  each  wing. 

Supply  tanks  of  b,2oo  gallons  capacity  are  located  on  the  fouitccnih 
floor,  three  tanks  of  20,000  gallons  capacity  on  the  twenty-sixth  floor,  ?,ioo 
gallons  on  the  thirty-seventh  floor,  q,qoo  gallons  on  the  fiftieth  floor,  and 
1.200  gallons  on  the  fifty-third  floor. 

62 


"KINEALV  AIR  WASHERS 

KAUFFMAN  HEATING  AND  ENGINEERING  CO. 

PLiRlFYING  THE  AIR 

The  forethought  of  the  owner  and  builders  of  the  Woolworth  on  behalf 
of  tenants  and  their  comfort  and  health  cannot  well  be  overestimated.  Pro- 
genitors of  new  buildings  in  the  future  will  find  great  difficulty  in  concei\ing 
new  ways  of  winning  the  paying  approval  of  prospective  tenants.  Think  of 
ensuring  pui'e  air  in  modern  office  buildings  during  the  humid  summer 
months,  when  breezes  are  rare,  and  again,  in  the  months  of  frost  and  snow, 
when  heaters  generally  take  the  \itality  from  the  atmosphere,  and  to  obtain 
pure  air  it  has  been  necessary  to  risk  a  season  of  grip  or  influenza.  The 
upper  rooms  of  the  Woolworth  Building  are  revelling  in  pure  air.  Ventilators 
may  modify  the  temperatui-c  at  will,  and  radiators  are  arranged  to  warm 
without  destroying  the  life-giving  qualities  of  oxygen  and  hydrogen.  The 
rooms  below  the  surface  of  Broadway,  Park  Place  and  Barclay  Street,  where 
Boreas  never  enters — neither  does  a  mild  breeze — also  have  pure  air  in 
abundance.  Fans  are  excellent  and  make  life  pleasant  sometimes,  but  they 
do  not  meet  all  requirements,  especially  in  winter. 

The  Kauffman  Heating  and  Engineering  Company  has  met  the  difficulty 
in  the  Woolworth  Building,  and  the  rathskeller,  engine  room,  barber  shop 
and  hanking  rooms  are  receiving  purified  "w  ashed"  air  through  the  "Kinealy" 


air  washers  which  this  company  has  installed.  The  "Kinealy"  air  washers 
purify  and  cool  all  the  air  delivered  wherever  installed. 

The  air  is  first  received  from  the  outside,  drawn  through  water,  discharged 
into  the  air  in  an  atomized  condition  through  "Kinealy"  patented  spray 
heads,  anci  then  drawn  into  what  are  called  "eliminator"  plates,  which 
separate  the  air  from  the  water.  After  leaving  the  eliminator  plates,  the 
air  is  free  from  all  entrained  moisture  and  deli\ered  to  the  rooms;  in  the 
winter  time  heating  and  purifying,  and  in  the  summer  cooling  and  purifying. 

During  the  summer  the  air  in  the  different  rooms  is  cooled  to  about 
twenty  degrees  below,'  the  outside  temperature.  The  air  is  also  delivered 
into  the  rooms  with  the  proper  percentage  of  humidity,  which  makes  the 
rooms  habitable.  The  water  used  in  connection  with  this  apparatus  is 
recirculated  by  centrifugal  pumps,  which  make  the  apparatus  inexpensive  in 
operation  as  regards  the  water  consumption. 

The  "Kinealy"  apparatus  was  selected  b\-  the  engineers  and  architects 
after  rigid  inspection  and  tests. 

By  the  use  of  the  "Kinealy"  air  purifiers  the  engineers  were  able  to  supply 
the  upper  rooms  with  purified  air;  otherwise  it  would  ha\e  been  impossible 
to  install  a  perfect  \'entilating  system  in  the  building,  owing  to  the  great 
amount  of  dust  and  foreign  particles  discharged  into  the  rooms  through 
the  fans 

THE  STONE  BEDS  FOR  MOTOR  PLIMPS.  ETC. 

To  eliminate  all  possibilities  of  vibration  from  the  massive  motor  pumps, 
ventilators  and  other  machinery  with  which  the  Woolworth  Building  is 
equipped  the  architect  specified  a  solid  even  stone  foundation.  This  important 
detail  of  the  construction  demanded  special  attention  owing  to  the  gigantic 
proportions  of  the  building  and  the  consequent  massiveness  of  the  machinery 
and  the  resulting  vibration. 

The  advantages  of  a  stone  foundation  for  machinery,  separate  and  dis- 
tinct from  the  building  foundations,  being  universally  recognized,  the  only 
consideration  was  the  choice  of  the  contractor.  To  John  Best,  of  414  East 
Ninety-second  Street,  New  York  City,  was  awarded  the  contract  not  only 
because  this  firm  had  the  most  extensive  facilities  for  handling  so  large  a  con- 
tract but  for  the  quality  of  the  stone  this  firm  is  in  a  position  to  supply. 

The  contract  called  for  approximately  200  caps  for  the  motors,  pumps, 
ventilators,  fans  and  other  machinery.  The  largest  of  these  caps  or  stone 
beds  was  thirteen  feet  three  inches  by  four  feet  three  inches  by  six  inches; 
the  total  number  of  holes  bored  was  six  hundred.  Caps  were  also  supplied 
to  hokl  the  machinery  in  place.  Mr.  Best  hai.1  the  huge  blocks  of  stone  bi-ought 
from  the  Poi'tagcxilic  L|uarries  in  New  ^'oi'k  State.  The  stone  beds  were  built 
and  no  holes  had  to  be  rebored.  The  work  was  highh'  satisfactory  and  the 
stone  beds  are  as  firm  as  the  foundation  of  the  buikling  itself. 

64 


CAMIA  REFLECTOR— GLEASON-TIEBOUT  GLASS  CO. 

THE  LIGHTING  GLASSWARE 

One  of  the  difficulties  which  confronted  the  architects  and  contractors  in 
charge  of  the  construction  of  the  Woolworth  Building  was  the  selection  of 
the  lighting  glassware.  Practically  every  glass  manufacturer  in  the  country 
submitted  samples  of  products  in  the  hope  of  securing  the  contract.  The 
most  careful  investigation  of  the  respective  merits  of  all  the  glasses  sub- 
mitted was  eventually  made,  and  it  was  decided  that  the  Camia  reflector, 
manufactured  by  the  Gleason-Tiebout  Glass  Company,  of  Brooklyn.  N.  Y., 
was  best  adapted  for  the  work  in  hand.  Bowl  type  loo-watt  reflectors, 
mounted  on  suitable  lighting  fi.xtures.  are  used  throughout  the  building. 

Camia  glass  is  recognized  as  being  the  most  beautiful  white  glass  produced 
by  the  glass  chemist.  Snow-white  in  color,  its  density  is  sufficiently  gi'cat 
to  entirely  conceal  the  filament  of  the  lamp,  so  that  none  of  the  direct  rays 
of  light  sti'ike  into  the  eye.  Used  with  bowl  frosted  lamps,  glare  is  absolutely 
annulled.  At  the  same  time  Camia  is  an  economical  glass  to  use  for  the 
reason  that  only  about  ten  per  cent,  of  the  light  transmitted  through  it  is 
absorbed.  The  inner  surface  of  Camia  glass  is  "depolished."  theieby  pro- 
ducing a  perfectly  diffused  light,  soft  and  comforting  to  the  eye.  even  when 
the  lighting  unit  is  directly  in  the  field  of  vision.  Camia  glass  is  blown  in 
all  shapes  and  sizes  from  the  simpler  units,  adapted  for  commercial  purposes, 
to  the  most  elaborately  shaped  semi-indirect  lighting  bowls  and  urns,  intended 
for  use  in  the  most  costlv  edifices  or  amid  lu.xurious  surroundings. 


6j 


ARTISTIC.  LIGHTING  FIXTLRES 


It  is  often  the  details  that  make 
evident  the  artist.  The  selection  of 
the  lighting  fixtures  occasioned  no 
little  study,  as  the  desire  was  to 
make  the  building  and  all  of  its 
infinite  details  a  complete  artistic 
whole.  Edward  F.  Caldwell  &  Com- 
pany, of  New  York,  were  selected  to 
furnish  the  entire  building,  and  those 
who  delight  in  true  excellence  in  art 
metal  work  will  appreciate  their 
efforts  in  this  wonderful  structure. 
This  company  supplied  electroliers, 
candelabra,  sidelights,  brackets  and 
numerous  other  fixtures,  each  one  a 
thing  of  beauty  in  itself  and  bearing 
the  stamp  of  the  artist  in  design  and 
finish. 

Some  of  the  fixtures  in  the  more 
prominent  parts  of  the  building  are 
replicas  of  rare  ancient  woi'ks  in  art 
metal,  although  most  of  the  designs 
and  executions  are  original  with  the 
house  that  furnished  them.  In  the  more  elaborate  fixtures  designed  for  the 
ceilings  of  halls  and  corridors  and  the  Irving  National  Bank  quarters,  the 
artist  of  the  Caldwell  Company  attempted  to  harmonize  the  design  and  finish 
with  the  architectural  decorations  surrounding  it.  Through  all  the  designs 
the  observer  feels  a  constant  striving  for  simplicity,  showing  commendable 
self-restraint  on  the  part  of  the  artist. 

The  character  of  the  designs  of  the  principal  fittings,  as  in  the  main  hall 
and  the  Irving  National  Bank,  is  Gothic,  carrying  out  the  decorative  scheme 
of  the  building. 

THE  CUTLER  MAIL  CHUTES 

Some  years  ago,  when  the  new  Post-Office  building  at  Washington,  D.  C 
was  nearing  completion,  the  question  of  mail  chutes  versus  letter  boxes  in 
each  story,  for  the  con\cnience  of  the  various  l^urcaus,  was  discussed  and 
decided  in  favor  of  separate  mail  boxes  on  the  score  of  economy.  I-'ourteen 
boxes  were  installed  in  the  sc\en  stories,  but  it  was  soon  disco\ered  that  the 
time  spent  in  collecting  the  mail  from  these  boxes  delayed  the  mail  \ery 
considerably,  and  it  was  then  determined  to  adopt  the  Cutler  Mailing  System. 
The  boxes  were  removed  and  two  mail  chutes  installed,  provii.ling  fourteen 
points  at  which  the  mail  is  deposited,  but  requiring  collection  from  only  two 
boxes  at  the  post-ofiicc  level,  instead  of  from  fourleen  distributed  throughout 
the  building. 

66 


LIGHTING  FI.XTURES 
EDW.ARD  F.  CALDWELL  &  CO. 


^         llfe^  ^ 

1            5ics|? 

4 

MAIL  CHUTE  S'lSPEM -CUTLER  MAIL  CHLUE  CO, 


Had  there  been  any  method 
of  handling  the  outgoing  mail  of 
a  building  superior  to  the  Cutler 
system,  Mr.  Cass  Gilbert  would 
probably  have  taken  it  into  seri- 
ous consideration,  but  after  care- 
ful investigation  he  concluded 
that  experience  has  shown  not 
only  that  Cutler  mail  chutes  are 
efficient  and  reliable,  but  that 
they  afTord  the  onl\  method  by 
which  modern  mail  collection 
service  can  be  supplied  to  a  com- 
mercial building. 

Notwithstanding  the  unusual 
number  of  floors  and  offices,  the 
Cutler  mail  chute  for  the  tallest 
building  in  the  world  was  neither 
especially   designed    nor   con- 
structed, but  the  type  known  as  Model  F,   in  which  the  front  panels  are 
removable   on  occasion   by   a   post-office  official,  but    by   no  other   person, 
was  adopted. 

All  the  exposed  parts  of  the  mail  chutes  are  covered  with  heavy  sheet 
bronze,  it  being  found  impracticable  to  manufacture  the  chutes  of  this 
material,  special  rolled  steel  being  necessary  and  the  bronze  cox'ering  being 
applied  in  order  to  conform  the  mail  chute  work  to  the  elegant  surroundings. 
Four  immense  mail  boxes  for  receiving  letters  in  the  main  corridors  were 
designed  by  the  architect  and  are  harmonious  with  the  general  ornamental 
character  of  the  marble  carving  and  decorations. 

The  mail  chutes  in  the  Woolworth  Building  are  really  an  extension  of 
the  mail  boxes  to  the  upper  floors  of  the  building,  and  for  this  purpose  two 
hundred  and  two  stories  of  mail  chutes  have  been  installed.  They  consist  of 
a  heavy  steel  channel  with  its  entire  front  of  heavy  plate  glass,  the  front 
panel  set  in  frames  of  drawn  bronze  reinforced  by  steel  angles  which  gi\'e 
great  strength  and  rigidity.  These  panels  are  removable  by  the  use  of  a  key 
exclusively  in  the  hands  of  the  local  postmaster,  so  that  the  interior  of  the 
mail  chute  is  accessible  upon  occasion  to  the  post-office  representative,  and 
to  no  other  person. 

The  post-office  requirements  are,  of  course,  fully  complied  with  in  the 
mail  chutes  of  the  \\  oolworth  Building,  and  the  mailing  openings  are  con- 
trolled by  a  closing  de\ice  which,  when  operated  by  the  post-office  official. 


b- 


brings  a  metal  stop  with  tine  word  "closed"  up  in  front  of  the  mailing  aper- 
ture, holding  it  there  securely  and  preventing  the  introduction  of  mail  matter 
into  the  chute  until  released  by  the  use  of  the  key. 

Special  deflecting  devices  are  used  in  the  mail  boxes,  and  a  special  door 
is  placed  in  the  top  of  each  box  so  that  in  the  event  of  any  accidental  stoppage, 
access  may  be  had  by  the  post-office  official  at  the  point  at  which  the  chutes 
discharge  into  the  boxes. 

This  installation  is  the  most  important  e\-er  made  by  the  Cutler  Mail 
Chute  Company  and  should  be  examined  by  architects  and  others  interested. 


THE  MODERN  OFFICE  BUILDING  DIRECTORY 

Old  things  have  all  passed  away  and  all  things  have  become  new.    Daily 
are  we  reminded  of  the  ideals  of  a  century  ago,  or  half  a  century  ago,  or 

perhaps  onl\-  a  quarter  of  a  centur\',  and  the  com- 
parison with  what  we  see  around  us  to-day  is  at 
first  startling;  then  when  we  realize  the  grandeur 
of  invention  and  culti\ation  which  is  unostenta- 
tiously demonstrated  in  the  mar\elous  advance, 
we  are  delighted  to  realize  that  we  are  living  in 
an  age  of  scientific  progress  and  consequent  in- 
telligence. The  development  of  electricity,  wire 
and  wireless,  and  building  construction,  with  the 
equal  development  of  accessories,  appliances  and 
minor  details  during  the  past  twenty-five  years 
alone,  is  sufficient  to  thrill  the  hearts  of  all  the 
rising  generation,  as  well  as  those  who  have  out- 
li\ed  their  little  span  of  life,  but  ha\"e  lived  to  see 
the  marvels  of  the  twentieth  centur\ .  It  is  small 
wonder  that  the  old  "name-board"  which  was  an 
"eyesore"  in  the  old  style  office  buildings  has  been 
replaced  by  "directories"  artistically  framed  in 
iron  frames,  designc^l  and  bronzed  in  harmony 
with  the  building. 

The  W'illson  Director\-  S\stem  for  tenants, 
installed  by  the  Tablet  and  Ticket  Compan\-  of 
New  York,  was  just  the  one  thing  needed  to  com- 
plete the  most  conspicuous  building  in  the  city. 
Not  alone  is  it  admirable  for  its  compactness,  utility  and  beauty,  but  because 
it  can  be  easily  controlled  with  unfailing  regularity.  The  i.la\  the  tenant 
signs  the  lease  the  name  is  recorded  in  the  directory  an^l  i.lesired  changes 
are  made  immediately  notice  has  been  given  to  the  superintendent  of   the 


DH^ECTORY  SERVIcn— 
TABLET  AND  TICKET  CO. 


68 


building  or  one  of  his  assistants.  Every  name  is  alphabetically  arrange!.!,  the 
name  being  made  with  white  letters  on  black  strips,  which  are  more  durable 
and  more  effective  than  the  reverse. 

The  directory  is  composed  of  a  number  of  specially  constructed  frames 
fitted  in  the  bronze  standard  (see  cut).  Within  these  frames  are  sheets  of 
plate  glass  with  beveled  edges,  so  arranged  that  the  strips  on  which  the 
names  are  placed  may  be  inserted  or  removed  at  will  without  changing  the 
alignment  or  affecting  the  directory  in  any  way. 

THE  ADOPTION  OF  AWNINGS 

Awnings  have  not  been  common  on  the  windows  of  office  buildings.  The 
piercing  rays  of  the  sun  on  a  July  or  August  day,  high  up  above  the  buildings 
roundabout,  necessitated  some  reliable  protection,  and  since  the  friendly 
awning  w  ill  permit  the  cooling  breezes  to  blow  in  while  it  shades  the  occupant 
of  the  room,  it  was  thoughtfully  adopted. 

The  important  consideration  was  to  have  wrought  iron  frames  built 
strong  enough  to  resist  the  wind  pressure,  e\en  to  the  fiftieth  story  and  above, 
but  this  was  a  matter  of  design  and  specification  together  with  the  color  and 
te.xture  of  the  cloth.  E\'erything,  even  to  the  shade  of  the  cloth  for  the  awn- 
ings of  the  W  oolworth  Building,  was  to  be  in  harmony. 

No  doubt  the  architect  had  remembered  the  gay  and  beautiful  awnings 
of  Italian  homes  and  hotels,  and  those  of  Spain  and  other  countries  where 
the  rays  of  the  sun  are  not  productive  of  comfort  on  a  midsummer  day;  any- 
how his  knowledge  even  about  awnings  proved  to  be  ecjual  to  the  requii'ements 
of  the  building  and  the  delight  of  prospective  tenants 

The  shape  and  strength  of  the  frames  was  demanded  by  the  tremendous 
wind  pressure  which  would  ceitainly  be  met  w  ith,  but  the  matter  of  cloth, 
what  its  texture,  shade  and  color  were  to  be  the  artist  had  to  decide. 

Whether  the  architect  selected  the  cloth  for  the  awnings  which  adorn 
the  Woolworth  fi'om  the  \iewpoint  of  a  well  studied  color  scheme  or  the 
tenants'  comfort  and  convenience,  is  not  on  record,  but  undoubtedly  the  tan 
color  stripe  harmonizes  with  the  color  scheme  of  the  building,  and  what  is  of 
equal  importance,  it  w  ill  not  fade  or  change  by  rain  or  atmospheric  action. 

The  cloth  is  the  best  that  can  be  manufactured,  and  John  Boyle  and 
Company,  Inc.,  the  manufacturers,  are  to  be  congratulated  for  their  success 
in  supplying  such  excellent  material,  which  certainl\-  cannot  be  excelled  for 
its  lasting  quality  and  general  suitability. 


bq 


PRESIDEN  rS  ROOM-IR\  INu  NA  I  ItiNAL  BANK 


In  many  respects  the  Irving  National  Bank  is  responsible  for  the  existence 
of  the  Woolworth  Building.  It  was  in  reality  the  problem  of  finding  a  suitable 
home  for  the  bank  that  first  gave  Mr.  Woolworth  the  idea  of  a  building,  part 
of  which  would  be  occupied  by  the  Ir\'ing  National  Bank. 

The  Ir\ing  National  Bank  was  organized  in  1S51,  and  was  known  origi- 
nally as  the  New  York  Exchange  Bank.  It  was  the  first  of  the  state  banks 
of  New  ^'ork  City  to  apply  for  a  national  bank  charter  when  the  National 
Bank  Act  went  into  effect,  its  charter  number  being  345. 

\\  hen  organizcel.  the  New  ^'oik  Exchange  Bank  had  a  capital  of  $150,000, 
and  was  located  in  the  basement  of  the  North  River  Bank  Buikling,  where  it 
remained  for  ten  years.  When  the  bank  entered  the  national  s\stcm,  in  1864, 
it  moved  into  the  .Merchants'  Li!.\change  Buikling  an^l  remainc^l  theic  until 
1870,  when  it  secured  a  lease  for  quarters  in  a  building  at  College  Place  and 
Chambers  Street.  The  lease  was  purchased  from  the  Hudson  Ri\cr  Railroad 
Company  and  a  new  building  erectCLl. 

i-"rom  its  organization  until  1  >St).S  the  management  i-cmaincLl  practicalK 
unchanged.  In  that  year  Lew  is  E.  Pierson  became  Cashier  and  shortly  there- 
after achieved  the  Presidency.  The  progressive  policy  inauguratei.1  by  Mr. 
Pierson  gave  the  bank  new  imi^etus  and  it  was  largely  through  his  efforts 


that  the  resources  of  the  hank  began  to  increase  gradually  from  $2,650,000 
in  i8q8  to  approximately  $50,000,000,  which  it  reached  at  about  the  time  of 
Mr.  Pierson's  retirement.  '   ;   «>'    *  '. 

In  September,  iqoi.  the  capital  was  increased  to  $560,000 ;  and  further 
increased  to  $1,000,000  in  March,  IQ05.  In  h'ebruary,  iqo/,  the  New  York 
National  Exchange  and  the  Irving  National  consolidated,  under  the  name 
of  the  Irving  National  Exchange  Bank,  the  capital  was  increased  to  $2,000,000 
and  the  surplus  to  $  i  ,000,000,  with  total  assets  of  about  $24,000,000. 

During  the  period  of  financial  unrest  in  iqo;,  the  customers'  transactions 
with  the  Irving  were  handled  in  a  normal  manner,  including  full  currency 
payments  for  payroll  and  other  counter  purposes,  with  liberal  shipments  to 
correspondents,  the  continuance  of  immediate  credit  for  all  country  checks. 
and  the  granting  of  regular  loans  and  additional  accommodation. 

In  January,  iqoq,  the  assets  of  the  bank  reached  $2q,ooo,ooo;  in  iqio, 
$31,500,000,  and  in  iqii,  $33,300,000. 

In  January,  iqi2,  the  resources  crossed  the  thirty-four  million  dollar 
mark.  After  having  faithfully  studied  the  problem  of  providing  adequate 
quarters  for  the  increasing  business  of  the  hank,  the  Board  of  Directors 
finally  accepted  an  offer  from  Mr.  F.  W.  Woolworth,  which  pi'ovided  for 
rental  by  the  bank  of  ample  space  in  the  mammoth  fifty-seven  story  Wool- 
worth  Building,  which  was  then  in  course  of  construction. 

In  May,  iqi2,  the  Irving  National  Exchange  and  Mercantile  National 
Bank  were  merged,  under  the  name  of  the  Irving  National  Bank,  with  a 
capital  of  $4,000,000;  and  a  surplus  of  $3,000,000 — total  resources  of  about 
$50,000,000. 

The  Irving  National  Bank  is  one  of  the  leading  commercial  institutions 
of  the  country;  its  directorate  is  composed  of  acti\e  and  successful  business 
men,  and  its  growth  has  always  been  along  strictK'  commercial  lines. 

COMP.ARATIVE  GROWTH 

Capital  ^"p'ofitf'^  Deposits  Assets 

i8q8 $    300,000  $      53,400  $2,045,000  $2,651,700 

iqoi 500,000  33q,8oo  4,400,600  5,566,qoo 

iqo3 1,000,000  886,300  5,85q,300  8,24i.qoo 

iqo7 2,000,000  1,000,000  20,437,300  24,88q,ioo 

iqio 2,000,000  1,643,100  27,521,700  32,027,000 

iqi3 4,000,000  3,382,074  40,383,qqq  50,863,015 


The  Seal  of  the 


Irvina  Xational  Bank 


71 


VALILT  EQUIPMENT  AND  STEEL  OFFICE  FIXTURES-CANTON  ART  ME  lAL  CO 


THE  VAULT  EQUIPMENT  OF  THE  IRVING  BANK  AND  BROADWAY 

TRUST  COMPANY 

The  admirable  vault  equipment  and  the  steel  filing  cases  and  steel 
omnibuses  used  by  the  Ir\ing  National  Bank  and  Broadway  Trust  Company 
located  in  the  Woolworth  Building,  were  manufactured  by  the  famous  Canton 
Art  Metal  Company,  of  Canton,  Ohio. 

In  modern  banks  and  offices  steel  furniture  and  filing  dexices  have  become 
an  absolute  necessity.  Steel  is  adaptable  to  the  various  forms  and  sizes  most 
useful  in  office  appliances,  and  when  well  designed,  made  and  artistically 
finished,  they  are  immeasurably  useful  as  well  as  highly  ornamental.  Then 
fire-resisting  qualities  and  economy  genci'aliy  are  also  woi'th\'  of  careful 
consideration. 

The  managers  of  the  lr\ing  National  Bank  and  Broadway  Trust  C.'ompany 
are  well  satisfied  with  the  equipment  specially  made  for  them  by  the 
Canton  Art  Metal  Company,  which  manufactures  in  steel  almost  everything 
useful  in  a  thoroughly  up-to-date  office  building,  including  steel  desks,  tables, 
counters,  chairs  and  filing  devices  of  every  form  and  size  necessary.  1  hese 
are  not  soIkI.  clumsy   fixtures,   but   made  fiom  light   sheets  of  I'olled  steel. 

71 


shaped  by  powerful  machinery  to  all  the  necessary  curves  and  foi'ms,  and 
then  finished  as  carefully  as  if  they  were  pieces  of  jewelry,  and  bronzed  or 
otherwise  made  ornamental. 

The  equipments  made  by  the  Canton  Art  Metal  Company  arc  known  in 
many  parts  of  the  world.  Public  offices,  banks,  libraries,  office  buildings, 
and  many  private  residences  are  absolutely  secure  against  fire  when  unhurn- 
able  material  is  used  as  receptacles  for  inflammable  documents. 

The  architect  who  is  alert  to  clients'  interests  long  ago  discovered  the 
great  advantages  as  a  safeguard,  and  on  the  score  of  economy  and  cleanliness, 
of  metal  devices  and  steel  furniture  for  the  office  and  library.  Steel  furniture 
never  wears  out  and  vermin  cannot  lodge  or  germinate  in  it.  Insects  cannot 
feed  upon  it  as  they  do  upon  wood. 

Steel  furnishing,  in  fact,  meets  the  demands  of  modern  life,  and  is  in 
thorough  harmony  with  modern  progress;  cool,  refined  and  useful  in  a  Fifth 
Avenue  library  in  summer,  and  safe  and  useful  before  a  roasting  stove  on  a 
mountain  side  in  winter;  sensible,  sane  and  sanitary,  meeting  all  conditions 
and  protecting  valuable  papers  and  books,  under  all  circumstances,  from 
fire  and  pilferers. 


7  3 


INDEX 

Page 

Air  Purifying  System — Kaiiffman  I Icaling  cV  Engineering  Co 63,  64 

Architect's  Approbation — Cass  Cilherl 7,  9 

Architect  and  Engineer 16 

Awnings — John  Boyle  (d  Co..  Inc 69 

Bronze  Frames  and  Sashes — U.  S.  Metal  Producis  Co 37 

Cellar  Excavation 21.22 

Cement  in  the  Great  Building — Atlantic  Portland  Cement  Co 24.  25 

Chimes — Yerkes  Sound-Effects  Co 3b 

Copper  Cable  Grips  (Lighting  System) — Russell  &  Stoll    55,  56 

Copper  Work.  Ornamental — \V'm.  J  Kelly 39 

Copper  Work  on  Tower — Herrmann  O  Grace  Co 40 

Contract  (General) — Thomljson-Starrett  Co 16 

Cleaning  System  (Vacuum) — Silencer  Turbine  Cleaner  Co 61,  62 

Directory  (Office  Building)— Tafc/d  &  Ticket  Co 68,  69 

Electric  Energy  (Lights  and  Elevators) — Providence  Engineering  Works 54.  55 

Elevators — Otis  Elevator  Co 45.  46.  47 

Elevator  Safety  Devices — Burdett-Roivntree  Co 47,  48 

Elevator  Signals  and  Auxiliary  Devices — Elevator  Sulnftly  6  Repair  Co 49.  50 

Evolution  of  Office-Building 13.  14 

Fire  Protection 62 

Floor  Construction 22 

Foreword — Frank  W.  Woohvorth 5 

Foundation — The  Foundation  Comfyany 16.  1  7 

Foundation  and  Superstructure  (Materials  and  Building) 15.  16,  17,  18 

Glass  Mosaic  and  Leaded  Glass — Fleinigke  &  Bowen 30 

Gold  on  the  Towers — American  Roll  Cold  Leaf  Co 41.42 

Heating  and  Ventilation — Nygren.  Tennv  id  Ohmes.  Engineers:  C.  (d  C.  Electric  & 

Mfg.  Co ' 56.  57 

Heating  (Vacuum  System  of  Steam) — C,  A.  Dunham  Co 59.  60 

Hollow  Tile  Construction 24 

Interior  Trim — U.  S.  Metal  Products  Co 3  7 

Irving  National  Bank 24.  29.  45.  70.  71.  72 

Lighting  Fixtures — Edward  F.  Caldwell  Cd  Co 35.  66 

Lighting  Glassware — Cleason-Tiehoul  Class  Co 65 

Mail  Chutes— Cutler  MaU  Chute  Co 66,  67,  68 

Marbles — American  Predominate — Tompkins-Kiel  Marble  Co 26,  27 

Marble  Carving — Wm.  Bradley  (d  Son 26,  27,  29 

Marble  Hall 29 

Master  Builders  of  the  World's  Highest  Building 11.12 

Masterpiece  of  Master  Builders'  Building  Construction 15 

Mural  Paintings  in  Rathskeller — Frederick  J.  W'l/fv 34.  35 

Oiling  System—.?.  F.  Bow.^er  &  Co '. 57.  58.  59 

Painted  Decoration.  Main  Corridors — Mack.  Jenney  id  Tyler 34 

Painting  (Decorative)  Irving  National  Bank — Barnet  Phillips  Co 33 

Painting  (Interior) — W.  P.  Nelson  Co 33 

Photographs  of  Building — B.  G.  Mitchell 73 

Pipes  in  Water  System — E.  F.  Keating  Co 52.53 

Plastering  (Plain  and  Ornamental  I — H.  W.  Miller.  Inc 31.32 

Plumbing  (Water  Supply  and  Drainage) — W'.  C.  Cornell  Co 51.  52 

Roofing  and  Vitrified  Tiles — T  Neiv  Construction  Co 38 

Scaffolding — Patent  Scaffolding  Co.:  Chesebro-W'hitman  Co 42,  44 

Stamped  Metal  Work — \i'm.  J.  Kelly 39 

Steel  Construction — .American  Bridge  Co 18,  l^.  20 

Stone  Carving  and  Modelling — Donnelly  id  Ricci 30 

Stone  Beds  for  Motor  Pumps,  etc. — John  Best 64 

Terra  Cotta  Facades 25 

Test  Borings — Phillips  id  Worthington lb 

Vacuum  Cleaning  System — Spencer  Turbine  Cleaner  Co 61,  62 

Vacuum  Steam  Heating  System — C.  ,4.  Dunham  Co : 59,  60 

Vault  and  Office  Equipment — Canton  Art  Metal  Co 72,  73 

Walls — Reinforced 22 

Walls.  Exterior — Wm.  Bradley  id  Son 22 

Water  Filters — Loomis-Manning  Filter  id  Distributing  Co 53.  54 

Water  Supply.  Wells — Phillips  id  Worthington 53 

Wind  Bracing 20.21 


'Pridemark' 


'■■  :&^ ^  v'^^-''^''^/>r^i#i^ 


^^^mm'^m4mi^ 


"^ 


